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Background on Hydration Reaction, Cementitious, And Pozzolanic Activity To understand the behavior of fly ash in contact with water or in a concrete mixture, it is important to understand the reaction that takes place in freshly mixed concrete and the process by which it gains strength. The setting and hardening process of concrete, which occurs after the four components consisting of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement and water are mixed together, is largely due to the reaction between the components cement and water. The other two components, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate, are more or less inert as far as setting and hardening is concerned. The major components of cement that react with water to produce hydration reaction products are tricalcium silicate (C 3 S), dicalcium silicate (C 2 S), tricalcium aluminate (C 3 A) and tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C 4 AF). The reactions can be summarized as shown below: 2C 3 S + 6H Î C 3 S 2 H 3 + 3CH tricalcium silicate + water C - S - H + calcium hydroxide 2C 2 S + 4H Î C 3 S 2 H 3 + CH dicalcium silicate + water C - S - H + calcium hydroxide C 3 A + 3CSH 2 + 26H Î C 3 A (CS) 3 H 32 tricalcium aluminate + ettringite gypsum + water C 3 A + CSH 2 + 10H Î C 3 ACSH 12 monosulphoaluminate hydrate C 4 AF forms hydration products similar to that of C 3 A, where iron substitutes partially for alumina in the crystal structure of ettringite and monosulphoaluminate hydrate. In the absence of sulfate, C 3 A may form the following reaction products (6): C 3 A + 6H Î C 3 AH 6 C 3 A + CH + 18H Î C 4 AH 19 Fly ash is pozzolanic. A pozzolan is defined as “a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material which in itself possesses little or no cementitious value but which, in finely divided or powdered form, and in the presence of moisture, chemically reacts with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form compounds that possess cementitious properties” (18). The major reaction that takes place is between the reactive silica of the pozzolan and calcium hydroxide producing calcium silicate hydrate. The We Energies 48 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
alumina in the pozzolan may also react with calcium hydroxide and other components in the mixture to form similar products. High-calcium fly ash is both cementitious and pozzolanic and has selfhardening properties in the presence of moisture. The reaction products include ettringite, monosulphoaluminate and C-S-H. These products are also formed when cement reacts with water and causes hardening in the cementwater mixture. The rate of formation of C-S-H in the fly ash-water mixture is normally slower than that in a cement-water mixture. Because of this, at ages greater than 90 days, fly ash-cement-water continues to gain strength; while the cement-water pastes do not show as significant a gain in strength. However, this hydration behavior of C 3 A and C 2 S in fly ash is the same as that in cement. Low calcium fly ash has very little or no cementing properties alone, but will hydrate when alkalis and Ca(OH) 2 are added. Concrete Containing We Energies Fly Ash For centuries, concrete has been widely used for a variety of applications ranging from sidewalk slabs to bridges and tall buildings. Concrete used in the early days had low strength and the applications were limited, partly due to the strength of the concrete and partly due to the lack of understanding of design principles. With the evolution of more sophisticated materials and engineering designs, many problems associated with strength were solved and high-strength concrete designs were developed. Today, engineers can select a concrete mixture with a specified strength for a particular application. In most cases, strength of concrete is not a limiting factor on project design. Durability of concrete has been a challenge since the early days of concrete production. With applications increasing, the demand to find concrete that “performs” is increasing. Most durability problems associated with concrete get worse in adverse weather conditions. For example, in cold weather regions, concrete that is subjected to freezing and thawing tends to disintegrate faster if it is porous. Porosity is generally considered the most significant factor affecting the long-term performance of concrete. Portland cement concrete is a mixture of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, cement and water. The properties of concrete prepared by mixing these four components depends very much on their physical and chemical properties and the proportions in which they are mixed. The properties of concrete thus prepared can be enhanced for specific applications by adding admixtures and/or additives. The use of a particular admixture or additive has a definite purpose. For a particular application, it is important that the properties of the concrete be tailored to meet performance requirements. 49 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Page 1 and 2:
Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
Page 3 and 4:
This book is dedicated to all the i
Page 5 and 6: Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
Page 7 and 8: Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 1 Background and History o
Page 11 and 12: The United States is the world's se
Page 13 and 14: are currently installed on about 25
Page 15 and 16: problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
Page 19 and 20: for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
Page 21 and 22: Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
Page 23 and 24: Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
Page 25 and 26: for air entraining admixtures, maki
Page 27 and 28: Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
Page 29 and 30: Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
Page 31 and 32: Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
Page 33 and 34: Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
Page 35 and 36: The following coal fired power plan
Page 37 and 38: All bottom ash is removed as necess
Page 39 and 40: ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
Page 43 and 44: that distribute and test fly ash to
Page 45 and 46: Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
Page 47 and 48: However, some engineering propertie
Page 49 and 50: ----------------------------U.S. ST
Page 51 and 52: Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
Page 53 and 54: Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
Page 55: Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
Page 59 and 60: Dunstan summarized his work in term
Page 61 and 62: The level of shrinkage strains depe
Page 63 and 64: strength tests were performed at va
Page 65 and 66: Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
Page 67 and 68: Other important observations from t
Page 69 and 70: Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
Page 71 and 72: 300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
Page 73 and 74: Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
Page 75 and 76: The final setting time for 5000 psi
Page 77 and 78: Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
Page 79 and 80: Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
Page 81 and 82: Abrasion resistance tests were perf
Page 83 and 84: Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
Page 85 and 86: 4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
Page 87 and 88: Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
Page 89 and 90: 12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
Page 91 and 92: Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
Page 93 and 94: Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
Page 95 and 96: Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
Page 97 and 98: Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
Page 99 and 100: Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
Page 103 and 104: Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
Page 105 and 106: 6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
Page 107 and 108:
Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
Page 109 and 110:
Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
Page 111 and 112:
Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
Page 113 and 114:
Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
Page 115 and 116:
Summary Based on the data recorded
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3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
Page 119 and 120:
mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
Page 121 and 122:
Testing Program The testing program
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Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
Page 125 and 126:
Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
Page 127 and 128:
Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
Page 129 and 130:
Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
Page 131 and 132:
Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
Page 133 and 134:
fly ash by weight of total cementit
Page 135 and 136:
Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
Page 137 and 138:
Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
Page 139 and 140:
Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
Page 143 and 144:
Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
Page 145 and 146:
1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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and corresponding compressive stren
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conductivity tests were conducted u
Page 151 and 152:
It can be concluded from this resea
Page 153 and 154:
Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
Page 155 and 156:
(4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
Page 157 and 158:
Mechanical Properties The compressi
Page 159 and 160:
Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
Page 161 and 162:
Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
Page 163 and 164:
WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
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material for foundations, changing
Page 167 and 168:
Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
Page 169 and 170:
The report also evaluated frost sus
Page 171 and 172:
Field Study Following the initial s
Page 173 and 174:
Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
Page 175 and 176:
Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
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Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
Page 179 and 180:
Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
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We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
Page 183 and 184:
The coal combustion materials landf
Page 185 and 186:
The only other compounds detected t
Page 187 and 188:
affect combustion. The resulting fl
Page 189 and 190:
Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
Page 191 and 192:
Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
Page 193 and 194:
Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
Page 195 and 196:
Using the back-calculated SN values
Page 197 and 198:
Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
Page 199 and 200:
unconfined compressive strength of
Page 201 and 202:
Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
Page 203 and 204:
The green density of the aluminum f
Page 205 and 206:
Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
Page 207 and 208:
Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
Page 209 and 210:
Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
Page 211 and 212:
judgment is required for new applic
Page 213 and 214:
Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
Page 215 and 216:
Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
Page 217 and 218:
Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
Page 219 and 220:
Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
Page 221 and 222:
Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
Page 223 and 224:
Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
Page 225 and 226:
The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
Page 227 and 228:
General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
Page 229 and 230:
* Use Property Owner Notification -
Page 231 and 232:
Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
Page 233 and 234:
the air slide inlet was set at 538
Page 235 and 236:
equired removal temperatures of 813
Page 237 and 238:
Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
Page 239 and 240:
Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
Page 241 and 242:
Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
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3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
Page 245 and 246:
C. Provide adequate number of units
Page 247 and 248:
B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
Page 249 and 250:
show the strength of masonry strong
Page 251 and 252:
3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
Page 253 and 254:
3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
Page 255 and 256:
3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
Page 257 and 258:
11.5 Sample Specification for We En
Page 259 and 260:
D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
Page 261 and 262:
If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
Page 263 and 264:
Chapter 12 References 1. American
Page 265 and 266:
33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
Page 267 and 268:
69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
Page 269 and 270:
Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
Page 271 and 272:
Personal Protective Equipment Speci
Page 273 and 274:
FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
Page 275 and 276:
Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
Page 277 and 278:
annual number of curies of each of
Page 279 and 280:
is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
Page 281 and 282:
constructed with fly ash building m
Page 283 and 284:
Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
Page 285 and 286:
‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
Page 287 and 288:
Index AASHTO See American Associati
Page 289 and 290:
Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
Page 291 and 292:
Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
Page 293 and 294:
Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
Page 295 and 296:
Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
Page 297:
About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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