We Energies Coal Combustion Products ... - The White House

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Table 2-3: Typical Geotechnical Properties of Fly Ash (8) Testing Descriptions Results Internal Friction Angle 26° - 42° Initial Stress-Stain Modules (triaxial test)* 30 MPa Stress-Stain Modules (plate load tests)* 100 MPa Modules of Subgrade Reactions (300 mm diameter plates [Ks])* 130 KPa/mm California Bearing Ratio, Unsoaked ( Low Lime Fly Ash)** 10.8-15.4 California Bearing Ratio, Soaked ( Low Lime Fly Ash)** 6.8-13.5 Cohesion*** 0 Permeability 10 -4 cm/sec - 10 -6 cm/sec Maximum Dry Density (60-110 lb/cu ft) 960-1760 kg/m 3 * The values shown are from Reference (7). No data is readily available to establish a range. ** From Reference (9) *** C = 0 recommended for Class F fly ash. Additional laboratory testing required to establish C for Class C Fly Ash. When fly ash is used to stabilize subgrades for pavements, or to stabilize backfill to reduce lateral earth pressure or to stabilize embankments to improve slope stability, better control of moisture content and compaction is required. Pulvamixers are generally used to get thorough, rapid mixing of fly ash, soil and water. All fly ash is pozzolanic and Class C fly ash is also cementitious. It reacts with calcium hydroxide produced by the hydration of cement in the presence of water to form additional cementitious compounds. This property of fly ash gives it wide acceptance in the concrete industry. Class C fly ash has been successfully utilized in reconstructing and/or upgrading existing pavements. In this process, commonly known as cold-inplace recycling (CIR) or full depth reclamation (FDR), existing asphalt pavement is pulverized with its base, and the pulverized mixture is stabilized by the addition of fly ash and water. The cementitious and pozzolanic properties of fly ash enhance the stability of the section. Fly ash recycled pavement sections have structural capacities substantially higher than crushed stone aggregate base. A new asphaltic concrete wearing surface is then installed above the stabilized section. We Energies 18 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook s
Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan. The pozzolanic property of volcanic ash was known to the Romans almost 2000 years ago. Pozzolans are the vitamins that provide specific benefits to a particular mixture (11). The word “pozzolan” comes from the village of Pozzuoli, near Vesuvius, where volcanic ash was commonly used. The Romans used a mixture of lime and volcanic ash or burnt clay tiles in finely ground form as a cementing agent. The active silica and alumina in the ash combined with the lime was used to produce early pozzolanic cement. Some of the old Roman structures like the Coliseum and the Pont du Gard are good examples of structures built with early volcanic ash cements (12). Extensive research has been conducted in utilizing fly ash in concrete, masonry products, precast concrete, controlled low strength materials (CLSM), asphalt and other applications. These applications are discussed in the following chapters. Properties of Bottom Ash Bottom ash particles are much coarser than fly ash. The grain size typically ranges from fine sand to gravel in size. Chemical composition of bottom ash is similar to that of fly ash but typically contains greater quantities of carbon. Bottom ash tends to be relatively more inert because the particles are larger and more fused than fly ash. Since these particles are highly fused, they tend to show less pozzolanic activity and are less suited as a binder constituent in cement or concrete products. However, bottom ash can be used as a concrete aggregate or for several other civil engineering applications where sand, gravel and crushed stone are used. For coal type comparison of bottom ash, it is helpful to refer to the following tables. Table 2-4 shows typical chemical composition of bottom ash obtained by burning bituminous coal and sub-bituminous coal. Table 2-4: Chemical Composition of Bottom Ash Compound Symbo l Bottom Ash from Bituminous Coal % (Mass) Bottom Ash from Subbituminous Coal % (Mass) Silicon Dioxide SiO 2 61.0 46.75 Aluminum Oxide Al 2 O 3 25.4 18.76 Iron Oxide Fe 2 O 3 6.6 5.91 Calcium Oxide CaO 1.5 17.80 Magnesium MgO 1.0 3.96 Oxide Sodium Oxide Na 2 O 0.9 1.28 Potassium Oxide K 2 O 0.2 0.31 * Mass percentage values shown may vary 2 to 5% from plant to plant. 19 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Page 1 and 2: Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
Page 3 and 4: This book is dedicated to all the i
Page 5 and 6: Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
Page 7 and 8: Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 1 Background and History o
Page 11 and 12: The United States is the world's se
Page 13 and 14: are currently installed on about 25
Page 15 and 16: problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
Page 19 and 20: for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
Page 21 and 22: Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
Page 23 and 24: Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
Page 25: for air entraining admixtures, maki
Page 29 and 30: Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
Page 31 and 32: Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
Page 33 and 34: Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
Page 35 and 36: The following coal fired power plan
Page 37 and 38: All bottom ash is removed as necess
Page 39 and 40: ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
Page 43 and 44: that distribute and test fly ash to
Page 45 and 46: Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
Page 47 and 48: However, some engineering propertie
Page 49 and 50: ----------------------------U.S. ST
Page 51 and 52: Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
Page 53 and 54: Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
Page 57 and 58: alumina in the pozzolan may also re
Page 59 and 60: Dunstan summarized his work in term
Page 61 and 62: The level of shrinkage strains depe
Page 63 and 64: strength tests were performed at va
Page 65 and 66: Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
Page 67 and 68: Other important observations from t
Page 69 and 70: Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
Page 71 and 72: 300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
Page 73 and 74: Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
Page 75 and 76: The final setting time for 5000 psi
Page 77 and 78:
Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
Page 79 and 80:
Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
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Abrasion resistance tests were perf
Page 83 and 84:
Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
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4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
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Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
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12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
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Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
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Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
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Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
Page 97 and 98:
Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
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Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
Page 103 and 104:
Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
Page 105 and 106:
6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
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Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
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Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
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Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
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Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
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Summary Based on the data recorded
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3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
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mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
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Testing Program The testing program
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Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
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Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
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Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
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Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
Page 131 and 132:
Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
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fly ash by weight of total cementit
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Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
Page 137 and 138:
Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
Page 139 and 140:
Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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and corresponding compressive stren
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conductivity tests were conducted u
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It can be concluded from this resea
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Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
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(4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
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Mechanical Properties The compressi
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Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
Page 161 and 162:
Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
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WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
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material for foundations, changing
Page 167 and 168:
Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
Page 169 and 170:
The report also evaluated frost sus
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Field Study Following the initial s
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Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
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Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
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Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
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Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
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We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
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The coal combustion materials landf
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The only other compounds detected t
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affect combustion. The resulting fl
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Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
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Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
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Using the back-calculated SN values
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Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
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unconfined compressive strength of
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Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
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The green density of the aluminum f
Page 205 and 206:
Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
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Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
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Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
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judgment is required for new applic
Page 213 and 214:
Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
Page 215 and 216:
Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
Page 223 and 224:
Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
Page 225 and 226:
The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
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General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
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* Use Property Owner Notification -
Page 231 and 232:
Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
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the air slide inlet was set at 538
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equired removal temperatures of 813
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Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
Page 239 and 240:
Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
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Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
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3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
Page 245 and 246:
C. Provide adequate number of units
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B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
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show the strength of masonry strong
Page 251 and 252:
3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
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3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
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3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
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11.5 Sample Specification for We En
Page 259 and 260:
D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
Page 261 and 262:
If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
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Chapter 12 References 1. American
Page 265 and 266:
33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
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69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
Page 269 and 270:
Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
Page 271 and 272:
Personal Protective Equipment Speci
Page 273 and 274:
FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
Page 275 and 276:
Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
Page 277 and 278:
annual number of curies of each of
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is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
Page 281 and 282:
constructed with fly ash building m
Page 283 and 284:
Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
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‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
Page 287 and 288:
Index AASHTO See American Associati
Page 289 and 290:
Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
Page 291 and 292:
Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
Page 293 and 294:
Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
Page 295 and 296:
Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
Page 297:
About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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