We Energies Coal Combustion Products ... - The White House

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Table 4-50: Compressive Strength of Concrete Mixtures Mixture No. Fly Ash [FA/(C+FA)], (%) Compressive Strength (psi) 3-day 7-day 14-day 28-day Act. Avg. Act. Avg. Act. Avg. Act. Avg. 1115 1395 1760 2590 2535 40 43 980 1025 1485 1455 1810 1810 2460 990 1490 1855 2555 1000 1425 1960 2390 2385 50 43 965 970 1300 1380 1785 1850 2370 940 1420 1810 2395 805 1360 1695 2352 2340 60 43 850 830 1460 1370 1825 1760 2242 - 1300 1760 2427 Electrical Properties of Concrete Mixtures The electrical properties of the concrete mixtures are shown in Tables 4-51 and Figure 4-28. The electrical resistivity of the air dried concrete prepared in accordance with the invention is in the range of 1-128×10 3 ohm-cm. The air dried conventional concrete typically has a resistivity of the order of 10 6 ohmcm, with oven dried conventional concrete having a resistivity of the order of 10 11 ohm-cm. Therefore, it is apparent that the electrical resistivity of concrete in accordance with the invention is less than the electrical resistivity of conventional concrete. In other words, by incorporating high carbon fly ash into a concrete mixture as in the present invention, a more electrically conductive concrete is produced. The permeability of a concrete prepared with high carbon fly ash in accordance with the present invention exceeds that of air, indicating a greater capability to carry an electrical current. The use of fly ash having greater levels of carbon would further decrease the resistivity of the resulting concrete. In addition, the increased concentration of high carbon fly ash in the composition will result in increased conductivity. We Energies 122 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Table 4-51: Electrical Properties of Concrete Mixtures Mixture No. 40 50 60 Fly Ash Content wt., % [FA/(FA+C)] 43 43 43 Fly Ash Content wt., % [FA/(FA+C+S+G)] 7.76 7.72 6.87 3 4588.5 1715.8 3152.2 Air Dried 7 7955.5 3590.8 4628.0 14 14263 6403.7 9974.8 Resistivity 28 2733.0 10672 127674 (ohm-cm) 3 1376.5 997.7 1336.4 Saturated 7 1875.0 1017.4 1376.5 14 2793.1 1156.8 1416.6 28 4069.6 1486.0 1695.5 3 1.004 1.082 1.048 Air Dried 7 1.004 1.082 1.048 14 1.004 1.082 1.048 Relative Permeability Saturated 28 1.004 1.082 1.048 3 1.006 1.089 1.051 7 1.006 1.089 1.051 14 1.006 1.089 1.051 28 1.006 1.089 1.051 Conductive Concrete Containing We Energies High Carbon Fly Ash and Carbon Fibers (US Patent 6,821,336) Testing of concrete using carbon fibers was conducted for concrete mixtures. The goal of this testing work was to determine the feasibility of incorporating high carbon fly ash and carbon fibers in concrete to lower electrical resistance of these construction materials. The lowered electrical resistance of concrete mixtures will reduce the required length of, or entirely replace, the grounding electrodes currently in use for protection of electrical equipment from lightning strikes. Other uses can potentially include grounding, heating bridges, sidewalks or airport runways, and various other applications. 123 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
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Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
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This book is dedicated to all the i
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Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
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Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
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Chapter 1 Background and History o
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The United States is the world's se
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are currently installed on about 25
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problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
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Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
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for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
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Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
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Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
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for air entraining admixtures, maki
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Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
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Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
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Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
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Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
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The following coal fired power plan
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All bottom ash is removed as necess
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ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
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Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
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that distribute and test fly ash to
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Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
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However, some engineering propertie
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----------------------------U.S. ST
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Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
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Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
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Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
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alumina in the pozzolan may also re
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Dunstan summarized his work in term
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The level of shrinkage strains depe
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strength tests were performed at va
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Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
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Other important observations from t
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Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
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300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
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Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
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The final setting time for 5000 psi
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Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
Page 79 and 80: Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
Page 81 and 82: Abrasion resistance tests were perf
Page 83 and 84: Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
Page 85 and 86: 4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
Page 87 and 88: Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
Page 89 and 90: 12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
Page 91 and 92: Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
Page 93 and 94: Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
Page 95 and 96: Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
Page 97 and 98: Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
Page 99 and 100: Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
Page 103 and 104: Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
Page 105 and 106: 6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
Page 107 and 108: Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
Page 109 and 110: Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
Page 111 and 112: Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
Page 113 and 114: Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
Page 115 and 116: Summary Based on the data recorded
Page 117 and 118: 3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
Page 119 and 120: mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
Page 121 and 122: Testing Program The testing program
Page 123 and 124: Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
Page 125 and 126: Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
Page 127 and 128: Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
Page 129: Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
Page 133 and 134: fly ash by weight of total cementit
Page 135 and 136: Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
Page 137 and 138: Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
Page 139 and 140: Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
Page 141 and 142: 1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
Page 143 and 144: Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
Page 145 and 146: 1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
Page 147 and 148: and corresponding compressive stren
Page 149 and 150: conductivity tests were conducted u
Page 151 and 152: It can be concluded from this resea
Page 153 and 154: Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
Page 155 and 156: (4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
Page 157 and 158: Mechanical Properties The compressi
Page 159 and 160: Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
Page 161 and 162: Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
Page 163 and 164: WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
Page 165 and 166: material for foundations, changing
Page 167 and 168: Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
Page 169 and 170: The report also evaluated frost sus
Page 171 and 172: Field Study Following the initial s
Page 173 and 174: Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
Page 175 and 176: Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
Page 177 and 178: Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
Page 179 and 180: Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
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We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
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The coal combustion materials landf
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The only other compounds detected t
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affect combustion. The resulting fl
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Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
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Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
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Using the back-calculated SN values
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Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
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unconfined compressive strength of
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Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
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The green density of the aluminum f
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Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
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Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
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Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
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judgment is required for new applic
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Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
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Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
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The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
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General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
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* Use Property Owner Notification -
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Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
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the air slide inlet was set at 538
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equired removal temperatures of 813
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Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
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Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
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Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
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3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
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C. Provide adequate number of units
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B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
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show the strength of masonry strong
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3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
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3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
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3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
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11.5 Sample Specification for We En
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D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
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If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
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Chapter 12 References 1. American
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33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
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69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
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Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
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Personal Protective Equipment Speci
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FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
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Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
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annual number of curies of each of
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is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
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constructed with fly ash building m
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Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
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‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
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Index AASHTO See American Associati
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Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
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Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
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Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
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Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
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About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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