We Energies Coal Combustion Products ... - The White House

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LOI, % 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 01/01/00 04/01/00 07/01/00 10/01/00 01/01/01 04/01/01 07/01/01 10/01/01 01/01/02 04/01/02 07/01/02 10/01/02 01/01/03 04/01/03 07/01/03 SAMPLING DATES Figure 3-3: Loss on Ignition Consistency for PPPP Fly Ash Table 3-2 shows the physical properties of fly ash at various We Energies power plants, along with the ASTM standard requirements. Table 3-2: Fly Ash Physical Properties SOURCE Fineness: Retained on #325 Sieve, (%) Strength Activity Index with Portland Cement, (%) : % of Control @ 7 days % of Control @ 28 days Water Requirement: ASTM C618 Class F Class C OCPP Units 5-6 OCPP Units 7-8 PIPP Units 1-4 PIPP Units 5-6 PIPP Units 7-9 PPPP VAPP 34 Max 34 Max 7.2 14.0 33.7 31.2 15.7 14.4 64.9 75 Min 75 Min 99.8 100.9 60.9 45.4 92.8 97.3 29.3 75 Min 75 Min 104.6 104.6 63.8 52.0 95.6 98.4 34.0 % of Control 105 Max 105 Max 92.6 93.4 109.5 116.5 92.6 92.6 121.9 Soundness: Autoclave 0.8 Max 0.8 max 0.07 0.07 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.02 Expansion (%) Specific Gravity - - 2.68 2.68 1.94 1.96 2.61 2.34 1.94 We Energies 36 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Physical, Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Bottom Ash The coal combustion process also generates bottom ash, which is second in volume to the fly ash. Bottom ash is a dark gray black or brown granular, porous, predominantly sand size material. The characteristics of the bottom ash depend on the type of furnace used to burn the coal, the variety of coal, the transport system (wet or dry), and whether the bottom ash is ground prior to transport and storage. We Energies generates over 107,000 tons of bottom ash each year at its six coal-fired power plants. It is important that the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of bottom ash be studied before it can be beneficially utilized. The primary chemical constituents of We Energies bottom ash are shown in Table 3-3. These chemical characteristics of bottom ash are generally not as critical as for fly ash, which is often used in concrete, where cementitious properties and pozzolanic properties are important. Table 3-3: Chemical Composition of We Energies Bottom Ash Constituent PPPP MCPP OCPP Units 7 VAPP PIPP Unit 1-6 PIPP Unit 7-9 SiO 2 47.50 54.15 46.29 57.32 56.84 48.64 Al 2 O 3 19.27 30.22 18.55 23.14 24.17 19.00 Fe 2 O 3 5.60 6.21 5.16 6.23 7.51 6.46 CaO 17.78 2.53 18.75 4.64 4.79 14.99 MgO 3.31 0.89 4.60 1.69 1.71 3.58 SO 3 0.33 0.37 0.52 0.85 0.65 0.82 Na 2 O 0.90 0.39 1.02 1.22 1.06 2.54 K 2 O 0.57 2.50 0.25 1.44 1.32 0.67 In the case of bottom ash, physical and mechanical properties are critical. We Energies has been studying the properties of bottom ash that are important in construction applications for comparison to virgin materials currently dominating the market. An additional consideration for bottom ash is its staining potential if used as an aggregate in concrete masonry products. Staining can occur if certain iron compounds such as pyrite are present. Pyrites can also present corrosion potential for buried metals. For these applications, it is important to identify if pyrites exist in sufficient quantity to present a problem ( > 3.0 %). 37 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Page 1 and 2: Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
Page 3 and 4: This book is dedicated to all the i
Page 5 and 6: Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
Page 7 and 8: Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 1 Background and History o
Page 11 and 12: The United States is the world's se
Page 13 and 14: are currently installed on about 25
Page 15 and 16: problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
Page 19 and 20: for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
Page 21 and 22: Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
Page 23 and 24: Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
Page 25 and 26: for air entraining admixtures, maki
Page 27 and 28: Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
Page 29 and 30: Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
Page 31 and 32: Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
Page 33 and 34: Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
Page 35 and 36: The following coal fired power plan
Page 37 and 38: All bottom ash is removed as necess
Page 39 and 40: ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
Page 43: that distribute and test fly ash to
Page 47 and 48: However, some engineering propertie
Page 49 and 50: ----------------------------U.S. ST
Page 51 and 52: Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
Page 53 and 54: Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
Page 57 and 58: alumina in the pozzolan may also re
Page 59 and 60: Dunstan summarized his work in term
Page 61 and 62: The level of shrinkage strains depe
Page 63 and 64: strength tests were performed at va
Page 65 and 66: Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
Page 67 and 68: Other important observations from t
Page 69 and 70: Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
Page 71 and 72: 300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
Page 73 and 74: Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
Page 75 and 76: The final setting time for 5000 psi
Page 77 and 78: Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
Page 79 and 80: Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
Page 81 and 82: Abrasion resistance tests were perf
Page 83 and 84: Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
Page 85 and 86: 4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
Page 87 and 88: Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
Page 89 and 90: 12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
Page 91 and 92: Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
Page 93 and 94: Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
Page 95 and 96:
Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
Page 97 and 98:
Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
Page 103 and 104:
Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
Page 105 and 106:
6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
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Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
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Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
Page 111 and 112:
Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
Page 113 and 114:
Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
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Summary Based on the data recorded
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3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
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mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
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Testing Program The testing program
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Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
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Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
Page 127 and 128:
Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
Page 129 and 130:
Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
Page 131 and 132:
Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
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fly ash by weight of total cementit
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Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
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Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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and corresponding compressive stren
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conductivity tests were conducted u
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It can be concluded from this resea
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Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
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(4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
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Mechanical Properties The compressi
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Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
Page 161 and 162:
Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
Page 163 and 164:
WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
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material for foundations, changing
Page 167 and 168:
Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
Page 169 and 170:
The report also evaluated frost sus
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Field Study Following the initial s
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Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
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Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
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Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
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Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
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We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
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The coal combustion materials landf
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The only other compounds detected t
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affect combustion. The resulting fl
Page 189 and 190:
Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
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Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
Page 195 and 196:
Using the back-calculated SN values
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Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
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unconfined compressive strength of
Page 201 and 202:
Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
Page 203 and 204:
The green density of the aluminum f
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Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
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Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
Page 209 and 210:
Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
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judgment is required for new applic
Page 213 and 214:
Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
Page 223 and 224:
Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
Page 225 and 226:
The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
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General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
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* Use Property Owner Notification -
Page 231 and 232:
Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
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the air slide inlet was set at 538
Page 235 and 236:
equired removal temperatures of 813
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Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
Page 239 and 240:
Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
Page 241 and 242:
Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
Page 243 and 244:
3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
Page 245 and 246:
C. Provide adequate number of units
Page 247 and 248:
B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
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show the strength of masonry strong
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3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
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3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
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3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
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11.5 Sample Specification for We En
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D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
Page 261 and 262:
If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
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Chapter 12 References 1. American
Page 265 and 266:
33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
Page 267 and 268:
69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
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Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
Page 271 and 272:
Personal Protective Equipment Speci
Page 273 and 274:
FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
Page 275 and 276:
Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
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annual number of curies of each of
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is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
Page 281 and 282:
constructed with fly ash building m
Page 283 and 284:
Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
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‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
Page 287 and 288:
Index AASHTO See American Associati
Page 289 and 290:
Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
Page 291 and 292:
Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
Page 293 and 294:
Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
Page 295 and 296:
Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
Page 297:
About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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