We Energies Coal Combustion Products ... - The White House

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16. Wisconsin Department of Transportation, “Standard Specifications for Highway and Structure Construction”, 2003 Edition. 17. Michigan Department of Transportation, “2003 Standard Specifications for Construction”, February 2003. 18. American Society for Testing and Materials, 1975, ASTM C595, “Standard Specifications for Blended Hydraulic Cements”, in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 13, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA p. 353. 19. Sivasundaram, V., Carette, G.G., and Malhotra, V.M., “Properties of Concrete Incorporating Low Quantity of Cement and High Volumes of Low Calcium Fly Ash”, ACI Special Publication SP-114, Vol. 1, 1989, pp. 45-71 (ed.: V.M. Malhorta). 20. Dunstan, E.R., 1976, “Performance of Lignite and Sub-bituminous Fly Ash in Concrete – A Progress Report”, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO, Report REC-ERC-76-1. 21. Electric Power Research Institute, “Using Coal Ash to Mitigate Alkali Silica Reactivity”, Resource Paper, Combustion By-Product Use Program, November 2003. 22. Golden, D., “Evaluation of the Effectiveness of High-Calcium Fly Ashes in Reducing Expansion Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) in Concrete”, Technical Report, Electric Power Research Institute, December 2003. 23. Mehta, P.K., “Role of Pozzolanic and Cementitious Materials in Sustainable Development of the Concrete Industry”, Proceedings of Sixth CANMET/ACI International Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 1998. 24. Naik, T.R. and Ramme, B.W., “Low Cement Content High Strength Structural Grade Concrete With Fly Ash”, Presented at the 1986 fall convention, ACI, Baltimore, MD, November 9–14, 1986. 25. Naik, T.R. and Ramme, B.W., “Effects of High-Lime Fly Ash Content on Water Demand, Workability, Time of Set and Compressive Strength of Concrete”, Presented at the Third International Conference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolan in Concrete, Trondheim, Norway, June 18–23, 1989. 26. Naik, T.R. and Ramme, B.W., “Setting and Hardening of High Fly Ash Content Concrete”, Presented at the American Coal Ash Association's 8 th International Coal Ash Utilization Symposium, Washington, D.C. , October 28–31, 1987. 27. Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., and Hossain, N.M., “Abrasion Resistance of Concrete Made With Class C Fly Ash”, CBU Report No. REP-200, May 1993. 28. Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., and Hossain, N.M., “Permeability of High Strength Concrete Containing Low Cement Factor”, Journal of Energy Engineering, April 1996. 29. Tews, J.H., “TIF Districts and HVFA Concrete — A Good Partnership”, Presented at the American Concrete Pavement Association's Annual Meeting, Marco Island, FL, November 28 – December 2, 1995. 30. Naik, T.R., Ramme, B.W., and Tews, J.H., “Use of High Volumes of Class C and Class F Fly Ash in Concrete”, Cement, Concrete & Aggregates, June 1994. 31. Naik T.R., Ramme B.W., Kraus R.N., and Siddique R., “Long-Term Performance of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete Pavements”, ACI Materials Journal, V. 100, NO 2, March-April , 2003, pp 150-155. 32. Naik, T.R. and Ramme, B.W., “Roller Compacted No-Fines Concrete Containing Fly Ash for Road Base Course”." We Energies 256 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
33. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, “Utilization of Coal Combustion By-Products for Masonry Construction”, EPRI TR-100707, Project 3176-1 Topical Report, May, 1992. 34. Naik T.R. and Ramme B.W., “High Early Strength Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestressed Products”, Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute Journal, November/December 1990, Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 72-78. 35. Ramme B.W. et al., “Electrically Conductive Concrete and Controlled Low-Strength Materials”, Patent No. US 6,461424B1, We Energies, Oct. 8, 2002. 36. Adaska, W.S. and Krell, W.C., “Bibliography on Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM)”, Concrete International, October 1992. 37. Naik, T.R. and Ramme, B.W., “Low Strength Concrete and Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) Produced With High Lime Fly Ash”, Presented at the CANMET International Workshop on Fly Ash Use in Concrete, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 1990. 38. Naik, T.R. and Ramme, B.W., “Low Strength Concrete and Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) Produced With Class F Fly Ash”, Presented at the 1992 Spring Convention, American Concrete Institute, Washington D.C., March 14–20, 1992. 39. Ramme, B.W. and Naik, T.R., “Construction Experience with CLSM Fly Ash Slurry for Underground Facilities”, Presented at the Fifth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, June 4– 9, 1995, Milwaukee, WI. 40. Naik, T.R., Ramme, B.W. and Kolbeck, H.J., ‘Filling Abandoned Underground Facilities with CLSM Fly Ash Slurry”, Concrete International, Design and Construction, July 1990, Vol. 12, No. 7. 41. Murray, R. and Parry, James, “Low Permeability Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) Mix Design Study”, Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Madison, WI, April 2003. 42. STS Consultants, Ltd. “Geotechnical Evaluation — Bottom Ash Base Course, Pleasant Prairie, WI”, August 17, 1998. 43. STS Consultants, Ltd., “Bottom Ash Evaluation — Base Course Project, Kenosha, WI”, June 15, 1989. 44. STS Consultants, Ltd., “Pilot Study to Evaluate the Use of Bottom Ash as Base Course Aggregate for Flexible Pavement Sections”, STS Project No. 8432A, July 11, 1997. 45. Merritt, Frederick S., “Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers”, Second Edition. 46. Horn, Merlin E., “An Evaluation of the Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Coal Bottom Ash and the Environmental Significance of its Utilization in Construction”, Report prepared for the Ash Utilization Task Force of the Wisconsin Utilities Association, December 1998. 47. “Powerful Recycling Initiative”, Trailblazer, July-September, 1998. 48. Peterson, A.E. and Speth, P.E., “Effect of Land Application of Bottom Ash on Ashkum Silty Clay Loam Soil”, Department of Soil Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Final Report 1996, 49. Ramme, B.W., “Coal Combustion Products Recovery Process”, Patent No. US 6637354B2, We Energies, Oct. 28, 2003. 50. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, “Beneficial Use of Industrial Byproducts”, Wisconsin Administration Code, Madison, WI, March 2003. 257 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Page 1 and 2:
Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
Page 3 and 4:
This book is dedicated to all the i
Page 5 and 6:
Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
Page 7 and 8:
Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
Page 9 and 10:
Chapter 1 Background and History o
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The United States is the world's se
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are currently installed on about 25
Page 15 and 16:
problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
Page 17 and 18:
Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
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for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
Page 21 and 22:
Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
Page 23 and 24:
Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
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for air entraining admixtures, maki
Page 27 and 28:
Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
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Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
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Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
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Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
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The following coal fired power plan
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All bottom ash is removed as necess
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ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
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Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
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that distribute and test fly ash to
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Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
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However, some engineering propertie
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----------------------------U.S. ST
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Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
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Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
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Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
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alumina in the pozzolan may also re
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Dunstan summarized his work in term
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The level of shrinkage strains depe
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strength tests were performed at va
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Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
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Other important observations from t
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Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
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300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
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Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
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The final setting time for 5000 psi
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Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
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Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
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Abrasion resistance tests were perf
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Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
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4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
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Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
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12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
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Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
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Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
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Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
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Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
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Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
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Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
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Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
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6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
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Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
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Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
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Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
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Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
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Summary Based on the data recorded
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3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
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mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
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Testing Program The testing program
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Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
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Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
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Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
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Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
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Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
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fly ash by weight of total cementit
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Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
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Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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and corresponding compressive stren
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conductivity tests were conducted u
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It can be concluded from this resea
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Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
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(4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
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Mechanical Properties The compressi
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Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
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Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
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WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
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material for foundations, changing
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Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
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The report also evaluated frost sus
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Field Study Following the initial s
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Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
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Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
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Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
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Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
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We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
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The coal combustion materials landf
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The only other compounds detected t
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affect combustion. The resulting fl
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Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
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Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
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Using the back-calculated SN values
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Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
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unconfined compressive strength of
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Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
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The green density of the aluminum f
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Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
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Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
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Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
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judgment is required for new applic
Page 213 and 214: Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
Page 215 and 216: Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
Page 217 and 218: Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
Page 219 and 220: Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
Page 221 and 222: Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
Page 223 and 224: Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
Page 225 and 226: The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
Page 227 and 228: General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
Page 229 and 230: * Use Property Owner Notification -
Page 231 and 232: Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
Page 233 and 234: the air slide inlet was set at 538
Page 235 and 236: equired removal temperatures of 813
Page 237 and 238: Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
Page 239 and 240: Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
Page 241 and 242: Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
Page 243 and 244: 3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
Page 245 and 246: C. Provide adequate number of units
Page 247 and 248: B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
Page 249 and 250: show the strength of masonry strong
Page 251 and 252: 3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
Page 253 and 254: 3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
Page 255 and 256: 3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
Page 257 and 258: 11.5 Sample Specification for We En
Page 259 and 260: D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
Page 261 and 262: If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
Page 263: Chapter 12 References 1. American
Page 267 and 268: 69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
Page 269 and 270: Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
Page 271 and 272: Personal Protective Equipment Speci
Page 273 and 274: FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
Page 275 and 276: Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
Page 277 and 278: annual number of curies of each of
Page 279 and 280: is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
Page 281 and 282: constructed with fly ash building m
Page 283 and 284: Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
Page 285 and 286: ‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
Page 287 and 288: Index AASHTO See American Associati
Page 289 and 290: Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
Page 291 and 292: Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
Page 293 and 294: Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
Page 295 and 296: Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
Page 297: About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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