We Energies Coal Combustion Products ... - The White House

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Table 6-11: Compressive Strength of Dry-Cast Concrete Paving Stones Mixture No. Field Mix No. Fly Ash % Bottom Ash % PS-1 2 0 0 PS-2 4 18 0 PS-3 6 18 24 PS-4 11 30 33 Compressive Strength (psi) 5 Day 8 Day 28 Day 56 Day 91 Day Act. Avg. Act. Avg. Act. Avg. Act. Avg. Act. Avg. 3820 7100 4460 5515 7050 5805 7630 4855 5745 7495 7025 8095 4950 7515 8235 5550 7610 4900 7040 -- -- 5020 8075 -- 7595 -- -- 5040 8365 -- -- -- 5085 -- -- 7745 7020 5640 7120 7700 7770 7265 5645 7895 7735 7880 7950 6645 8075 7790 7800 7410 6880 8020 -- -- 6655 8985 7920 7790 -- -- 8195 -- 8385 -- -- 8520 -- -- 3250 3935 3575 3750 5005 5015 5390 5660 5420 5775 4065 3840 4295 3870 5080 5310 5725 5740 6030 6050 -- -- 5565 5935 6035 -- -- 5865 5975 6975 2080 2945 2865 2820 3435 2440 2815 3080 3245 3545 2295 2520 3155 3285 3675 2270 2760 3190 3290 -- -- 3215 3350 3875 3690 -- -- 3385 3765 3925 -- -- 3445 -- -- We Energies 184 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold In-Place Recycled Asphalt Pavements, Stabilized Soils, and Stabilized Coal Ash Introduction We Energies conducted studies in cooperation with Bloom Consultants, LLC and the Center for Highway and Traffic Engineering at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to evaluate the potential application of fly ash in asphalt pavement construction. In a typical cold in-place recycled (CIR) application, existing hot mix asphalt (HMA) layers are pulverized, graded, compacted and used as a base layer for a new hot mix asphalt surface. In most CIR applications, the existing HMA layers are pulverized to the full thickness, and in some cases through the top 2” or 3” or the entire depth of aggregate base. The CIR material is sprayed with water to get the desired moisture content. The material is graded and then compacted with vibrating steel drums and pneumatic tired rollers. In recent years, stabilizers have been added into the CIR materials to improve the structural capacity of the CIR layers. In these studies self cementing Class C fly ash was used to bond with CIR materials and the long-term performance of the final pavement section is being studied. In addition, Class C fly ash was used by We Energies to stabilize a coal ash land fill to construct a commercial office building parking lot. Case Study I: Highland Avenue, Mequon A 1.5 mile long section of West Highland Avenue, between Wauwatosa Avenue and Farmdale Road, was resurfaced in 1997. The existing pavement had a 5½” thick asphaltic surface with an aggregate base varying in thickness from 7” – 18”. This stretch of road is a two-lane cross section with an average 185 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
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Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
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This book is dedicated to all the i
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Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
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Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
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Chapter 1 Background and History o
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The United States is the world's se
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are currently installed on about 25
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problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
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Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
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for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
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Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
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Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
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for air entraining admixtures, maki
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Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
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Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
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Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
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Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
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The following coal fired power plan
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All bottom ash is removed as necess
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ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
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Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
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that distribute and test fly ash to
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Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
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However, some engineering propertie
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----------------------------U.S. ST
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Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
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Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
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Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
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alumina in the pozzolan may also re
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Dunstan summarized his work in term
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The level of shrinkage strains depe
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strength tests were performed at va
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Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
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Other important observations from t
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Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
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300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
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Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
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The final setting time for 5000 psi
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Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
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Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
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Abrasion resistance tests were perf
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Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
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4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
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Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
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12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
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Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
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Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
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Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
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Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
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Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
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Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
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Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
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6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
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Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
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Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
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Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
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Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
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Summary Based on the data recorded
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3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
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mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
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Testing Program The testing program
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Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
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Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
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Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
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Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
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Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
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fly ash by weight of total cementit
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Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
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Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
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Page 143 and 144: Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
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Page 147 and 148: and corresponding compressive stren
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Page 151 and 152: It can be concluded from this resea
Page 153 and 154: Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
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Page 157 and 158: Mechanical Properties The compressi
Page 159 and 160: Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
Page 161 and 162: Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
Page 163 and 164: WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
Page 165 and 166: material for foundations, changing
Page 167 and 168: Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
Page 169 and 170: The report also evaluated frost sus
Page 171 and 172: Field Study Following the initial s
Page 173 and 174: Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
Page 175 and 176: Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
Page 177 and 178: Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
Page 179 and 180: Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
Page 181 and 182: We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
Page 183 and 184: The coal combustion materials landf
Page 185 and 186: The only other compounds detected t
Page 187 and 188: affect combustion. The resulting fl
Page 189 and 190: Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
Page 191: Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
Page 195 and 196: Using the back-calculated SN values
Page 197 and 198: Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
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Page 201 and 202: Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
Page 203 and 204: The green density of the aluminum f
Page 205 and 206: Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
Page 207 and 208: Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
Page 209 and 210: Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
Page 211 and 212: judgment is required for new applic
Page 213 and 214: Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
Page 215 and 216: Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
Page 217 and 218: Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
Page 219 and 220: Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
Page 221 and 222: Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
Page 223 and 224: Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
Page 225 and 226: The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
Page 227 and 228: General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
Page 229 and 230: * Use Property Owner Notification -
Page 231 and 232: Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
Page 233 and 234: the air slide inlet was set at 538
Page 235 and 236: equired removal temperatures of 813
Page 237 and 238: Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
Page 239 and 240: Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
Page 241 and 242: Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
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3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
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C. Provide adequate number of units
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B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
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show the strength of masonry strong
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3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
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3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
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3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
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11.5 Sample Specification for We En
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D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
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If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
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Chapter 12 References 1. American
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33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
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69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
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Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
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Personal Protective Equipment Speci
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FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
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Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
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annual number of curies of each of
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is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
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constructed with fly ash building m
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Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
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‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
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Index AASHTO See American Associati
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Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
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Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
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Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
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Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
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About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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