We Energies Coal Combustion Products ... - The White House

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The CLSM mixture selected should be based on technical and economic considerations for a specific project. The desired strength level and flowability are two significant considerations for CLSM. Permeability, and shrinkage or expansion of the final product (hardened CLSM) are additional considerations. We Energies CLSM Developments The development of CLSM containing We Energies fly ash has been a long process involving manufacturing several trial mixes and studying their properties. Various parameters were considered; however, compressive strength and excavatability are primary considerations. In the early trials a wide variety of sample strengths were developed, some of which were higher than normally recommended for CLSM. Several CLSM mix designs were developed and tested using We Energies fly ash at the Center for By-Products Utilization (CBU) at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (UWM). The scope of these tests was to evaluate fly ash, the properties of the mixes and study potential field applications. The mixes were prepared using various percentages of Class C and Class F fly ash with various proportions of other ingredients. It is important to note that Class F fly ash can be used in much higher proportions (sometimes replacing aggregate) than cementitious Class C fly ash which is introduced primarily as a binder. CLSM production is an excellent use for fly ash that does not meet all of the ASTM C618 requirements for use in concrete. The strength level required for CLSM is low when compared to concrete and can be easily obtained with offspec fly ash. High carbon content can be a reason for concern in air-entrained concrete where air entraining admixtures are absorbed yielding inadequate or variable concrete air content. In CLSM, air content is often not a requirement and hence the presence of carbon particles do not affect its properties. CLSM Produced with We Energies High- Lime (ASTM C618 Class C) Fly Ash The mixtures shown in Table 5-1 were developed using ASTM C618 Class C fly ash produced at We Energies’s Pleasant Prairie Power Plant from burning western United States sub-bituminous coal. The chemical and physical properties of the PPPP fly ash are listed in Chapter 3, Tables 3-1 and 3-2. The mixtures were produced at a commercial batch plant using standard procedures that were monitored to assure homogeneity of the products. We Energies 130 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and Field Test Data for CLSM (and Low-Strength Concrete) Produced With Class C Fly Ash Mix No. C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 C-5 C-6 C-7 Specified Strength at 28-Day Age, psi 500 1000 1200 500 750 1000 500 Cement, lb./cu yd. 74 89 104 70 81 96 129 Fly Ash, lb./cu yd. 128 158 189 118 159 195 239 Water, lb./cu. yd. 332 293 283 345 337 338 351 SSD Sand, lb./cu. yd. 1763 1671 1609 1728 1611 1641 1543 SSD Pea Gravel, lb./cu. yd. 1773 1832 1863 1778 1761 1813 1721 Slump, inches. 1-3/4 3/4 1-1/4 7-1/2 6-1/4 6-1/2 9-1/4 Air Content, Percentage 3.2 2.7 2.6 2.1 2.3 2.2 1.0 Air Temperature, Fahrenheit 40 45 49 37 40 38 32 Concrete Temperature, 64 62 58 55 60 60 58 Fahrenheit Concrete Density, pcf 150.7 149.8 149.9 149.6 146.3 151.2 147.5 Concrete Weight, lb./cu. yd. 4070 4044 4048 4039 3969 4083 3983 W/(C+FA) 1.64 1.19 0.97 1.84 1.16 1.16 0.95 The first three mixtures were produced with low cement content and relatively low water content. Mixtures C-1 to C-3 showed very low slump and did not flow as desired in a flowable slurry. Hence, new mixtures were developed, taking into consideration the drawbacks of previous mixes. (37) The new mixes C-4 to C-7 showed good to very good flowability. A detailed discussion of the research can be obtained from reference 37. Figure 5-1 is a graph showing compressive strength vs. age for these mixtures. Figure 5-2 shows 28-day compressive strength vs. total cementitious material, and Figure 5-3 shows 28-day compressive strength vs. water to cementitious ratio for these mixtures. Table 5-2 shows the CLSM compressive strength test results. 131 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Page 1 and 2:
Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
Page 3 and 4:
This book is dedicated to all the i
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Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
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Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
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Chapter 1 Background and History o
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The United States is the world's se
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are currently installed on about 25
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problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
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Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
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for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
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Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
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Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
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for air entraining admixtures, maki
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Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
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Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
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Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
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Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
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The following coal fired power plan
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All bottom ash is removed as necess
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ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
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Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
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that distribute and test fly ash to
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Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
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However, some engineering propertie
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----------------------------U.S. ST
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Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
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Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
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Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
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alumina in the pozzolan may also re
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Dunstan summarized his work in term
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The level of shrinkage strains depe
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strength tests were performed at va
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Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
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Other important observations from t
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Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
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300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
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Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
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The final setting time for 5000 psi
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Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
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Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
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Abrasion resistance tests were perf
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Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
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4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
Page 87 and 88: Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
Page 89 and 90: 12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
Page 91 and 92: Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
Page 93 and 94: Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
Page 95 and 96: Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
Page 97 and 98: Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
Page 99 and 100: Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
Page 103 and 104: Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
Page 105 and 106: 6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
Page 107 and 108: Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
Page 109 and 110: Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
Page 111 and 112: Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
Page 113 and 114: Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
Page 115 and 116: Summary Based on the data recorded
Page 117 and 118: 3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
Page 119 and 120: mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
Page 121 and 122: Testing Program The testing program
Page 123 and 124: Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
Page 125 and 126: Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
Page 127 and 128: Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
Page 129 and 130: Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
Page 131 and 132: Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
Page 133 and 134: fly ash by weight of total cementit
Page 135 and 136: Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
Page 137: Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
Page 141 and 142: 1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
Page 143 and 144: Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
Page 145 and 146: 1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
Page 147 and 148: and corresponding compressive stren
Page 149 and 150: conductivity tests were conducted u
Page 151 and 152: It can be concluded from this resea
Page 153 and 154: Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
Page 155 and 156: (4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
Page 157 and 158: Mechanical Properties The compressi
Page 159 and 160: Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
Page 161 and 162: Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
Page 163 and 164: WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
Page 165 and 166: material for foundations, changing
Page 167 and 168: Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
Page 169 and 170: The report also evaluated frost sus
Page 171 and 172: Field Study Following the initial s
Page 173 and 174: Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
Page 175 and 176: Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
Page 177 and 178: Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
Page 179 and 180: Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
Page 181 and 182: We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
Page 183 and 184: The coal combustion materials landf
Page 185 and 186: The only other compounds detected t
Page 187 and 188: affect combustion. The resulting fl
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Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
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Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
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Using the back-calculated SN values
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Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
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unconfined compressive strength of
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Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
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The green density of the aluminum f
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Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
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Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
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Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
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judgment is required for new applic
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Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
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Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
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The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
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General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
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* Use Property Owner Notification -
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Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
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the air slide inlet was set at 538
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equired removal temperatures of 813
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Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
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Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
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Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
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3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
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C. Provide adequate number of units
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B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
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show the strength of masonry strong
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3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
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3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
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3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
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11.5 Sample Specification for We En
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D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
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If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
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Chapter 12 References 1. American
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33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
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69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
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Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
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Personal Protective Equipment Speci
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FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
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Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
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annual number of curies of each of
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is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
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constructed with fly ash building m
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Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
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‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
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Index AASHTO See American Associati
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Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
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Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
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Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
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Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
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About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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