We Energies Coal Combustion Products ... - The White House

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Geological Survey maintains a large database of uranium and thorium data on coal from various US coal fields. Based on more than 5000 coal samples from all the major coal regions in the US, the average U content of 1.3 parts per million (ppm) equals 0.44 pCi/g. The average thorium (3.32 ppm) concentration is 0.37 pCi/g. These concentrations are not that much different from soil: 1.0 pCi/g for uranium (range 0.12 – 3.8 pCi/g) and 0.98 pCi/g for thorium (range 0.1 – 3.4 pCi/g). Both uranium and thorium decay to stable Pb and along the way produce radioactive isotopes of uranium, thorium, radium, radon, bismuth, lead, and polonium. Ra-226 analyses of coal indicate concentrations in the range of 0.2 – 3 pCi/g [J. Tadmore, J. of Environmental Radioactivity 4(1986) 177-204]. Lignite, a low-grade coal, has slightly higher concentrations: U-238, 8.26 pCi/g; Ra-226, 9.34 pCi/g; Th-232, 0.51 pCi/g; K-40, 4.67 pCi/g [Rouni et. al., Sci. Total Environment 272(2001) 261-272]. In coal-fired power plants, some of the NORM is released via the stack whereas most is trapped in the resulting ash. Studies in Great Britain (K. R. Smith et. al., Radiological Impact of the UK Population of Industries Which Use or Produce Materials Containing Enhanced Levels of Naturally Occurring Radionuclides, Part I: Coal-fired Electricity Generation, National Radiation Protection Board report, NRPB-R327, 2001) and the United States (EPA, Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units – Final Report to Congress, EPA-453/R-98-004a, Feb. 1998) conclude that NORM emissions from coal-fired plants do not pose a health problem. A United Nations group of experts reached a similar conclusion (UNSCEAR, 1993). T. The NORM concentration in coal ash is higher than in the coal because most of the radionuclides stay in the ash as compared to being released to the air during the combustion process. Therefore, burning off the organic content of the coal results in about a 10-fold increase in U, Th, and Ra concentrations in the ash as compared to the coal (UNSCEAR, 1993; USGS Fact Sheet FS- 163-97). Based on the concentration process, the Ra-226 concentrations in ash could be on the order of 1-30 pCi/g. Analyses of various ashes and ash products produced at WE-Energies plants in 1993 and 2003 found Ra-226 concentrations in the range of 1 – 3 pCi/g. This is comparable to the concentrations in soil (0.2 – 3 pCi/g) and within the range of 1 – 8 pCi/g found in ash from analyses of other fly ash in the US (Cement and Concrete Containing Fly Ash, Guideline for Federal Procurement, Federal Register, Vol 48 (20), January 28, 1983, Rules and Regulations; Zielinski and Budahn, Fuel Vol.77 (1998) 259-267). U. Given that the ash may be land filled or may be used in building materials as a cement substitute, the doses resulting from these applications have been studied to determine if there is any risk. The British Nuclear Radiation Protection Board (Smith et. al. 2001) conducted a detailed evaluation “Radiological Impact on the UK Population of Industries Which Use or Produce Materials Containing Enhanced Levels of Naturally Occurring Radionuclides, Part I: Coal-fired Electricity Generation” (NRBP-R327) of the doses from fly ash released to the air to people living within 500 meters (547 yards) of a plant stack, to landfill workers burying fly ash, to workers manufacturing building products from fly ash, and to people living in a house built with fly ash building products. The maximum doses determined from this evaluation were 0.15 mrem/yr for the person living near the plant, 0.13 mrem/yr from releases from the ash landfill, 0.5 mrem/yr for workers manufacturing building products, and 13.5 mrem/yr to a resident of a home We Energies 272 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
constructed with fly ash building materials. The latter is not that different from the 13 mrem/yr from living in a brick/masonry house mentioned earlier. V. Based on the preceding discussion, the radioactivity levels in coal and the slightly enhanced levels in coal ash do not constitute a safety hazard. The levels of radioactivity are within the range found in other natural products. The doses resulting from using the ash in various products are comparable to doses from other human activities and from other natural sources. These doses from the radionuclides in ash are much less than the 300 mrem/yr received from normal background radiation. 273 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Page 1 and 2:
Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
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This book is dedicated to all the i
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Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
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Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
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Chapter 1 Background and History o
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The United States is the world's se
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are currently installed on about 25
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problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
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Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
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for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
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Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
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Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
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for air entraining admixtures, maki
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Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
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Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
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Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
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Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
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The following coal fired power plan
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All bottom ash is removed as necess
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ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
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Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
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that distribute and test fly ash to
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Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
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However, some engineering propertie
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----------------------------U.S. ST
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Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
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Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
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Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
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alumina in the pozzolan may also re
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Dunstan summarized his work in term
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The level of shrinkage strains depe
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strength tests were performed at va
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Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
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Other important observations from t
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Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
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300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
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Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
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The final setting time for 5000 psi
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Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
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Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
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Abrasion resistance tests were perf
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Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
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4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
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Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
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12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
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Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
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Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
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Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
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Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
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Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
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Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
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Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
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6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
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Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
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Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
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Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
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Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
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Summary Based on the data recorded
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3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
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mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
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Testing Program The testing program
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Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
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Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
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Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
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Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
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Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
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fly ash by weight of total cementit
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Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
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Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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and corresponding compressive stren
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conductivity tests were conducted u
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It can be concluded from this resea
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Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
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(4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
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Mechanical Properties The compressi
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Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
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Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
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WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
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material for foundations, changing
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Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
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The report also evaluated frost sus
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Field Study Following the initial s
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Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
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Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
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Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
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Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
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We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
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The coal combustion materials landf
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The only other compounds detected t
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affect combustion. The resulting fl
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Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
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Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
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Using the back-calculated SN values
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Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
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unconfined compressive strength of
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Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
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The green density of the aluminum f
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Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
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Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
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Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
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judgment is required for new applic
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Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
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Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
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The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
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General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
Page 229 and 230: * Use Property Owner Notification -
Page 231 and 232: Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
Page 233 and 234: the air slide inlet was set at 538
Page 235 and 236: equired removal temperatures of 813
Page 237 and 238: Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
Page 239 and 240: Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
Page 241 and 242: Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
Page 243 and 244: 3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
Page 245 and 246: C. Provide adequate number of units
Page 247 and 248: B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
Page 249 and 250: show the strength of masonry strong
Page 251 and 252: 3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
Page 253 and 254: 3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
Page 255 and 256: 3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
Page 257 and 258: 11.5 Sample Specification for We En
Page 259 and 260: D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
Page 261 and 262: If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
Page 263 and 264: Chapter 12 References 1. American
Page 265 and 266: 33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
Page 267 and 268: 69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
Page 269 and 270: Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
Page 271 and 272: Personal Protective Equipment Speci
Page 273 and 274: FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
Page 275 and 276: Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
Page 277 and 278: annual number of curies of each of
Page 279: is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
Page 283 and 284: Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
Page 285 and 286: ‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
Page 287 and 288: Index AASHTO See American Associati
Page 289 and 290: Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
Page 291 and 292: Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
Page 293 and 294: Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
Page 295 and 296: Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
Page 297: About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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