We Energies Coal Combustion Products ... - The White House

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Table 4-11: ASTM C-469 Test Results at 28 Days * (Air-Entrained Concrete) Mix No. Modulus of Elasticity psi x 10 6 Poisson’s Ratio Compressive Strength, psi P4-47- A ** ** 6210 B 4.19 0.17 6420 C 4.25 0.16 6520 D 4.23 0.16 6160 Average 4.23 0.16 6160 P4-39- A ** ** 6100 B 4.17 0.17 6240 C 4.15 0.16 6110 D 4.15 0.16 6110 Average 4.17 0.17 6150 P4-41- A ** ** 7180 B 4.37 0.21 7090 C 4.43 0.17 7370 D 4.37 0.18 7350 Average 4.39 0.19 7250 * Tested in accordance with ASTM Designation: C-469-83 Standard Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete in Compression. ** Determined to establish level of loading for modulus of elasticity determination. As can be seen from Tables 4-10 and 4-11, the compressive strengths obtained were much higher than the design strength. In accordance with the ACI 318 Building Code, the static modulus of elasticity is equal to 57,000 √f’c. The values of modulus of elasticity shown in Table 4-10 for non-air-entrained and Table 4-11 for air-entrained fly ash concrete follow nearly the same wellestablished relationship between compressive strength and the static modulus of elasticity. A detailed discussion of the results can be obtained in reference 26. The static Poisson’s ratios obtained for these mixtures (both non-air-entrained and air-entrained) fall within the accepted limits for concrete of 0.15 to 0.20, with higher strength concrete showing a higher value. Length Change (Drying Shrinkage in Air) and Expansion in Water The test results for both air-entrained and non-air-entrained concrete with 45% replacement of cement with fly ash are shown on Table 4-12. The data from all of these mixtures fell between 0.014 and 0.046 for non-air-entrained mixtures and between 0.02 and 0.044 for the air-entrained mixtures. The test results for expansion in water fell between 0.002 and 0.01 for nonair-entrained concrete and between 0.003 and 0.015 for air-entrained concrete. We Energies 68 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE Mix No. Expansion in Water, % 28 days Shrinkage in Air (73°F, 50% RH), % 4 days 7 days 14 days 28 days P4-24 A 0.009 0.015 0.026 0.031 0.039 B 0.009 0.015 0.023 0.031 0.036 C 0.010 0.014 0.024 0.029 0.037 Average 0.009 0.0l5 0.024 0.030 0.037 P4-26 A 0.003 0.023 0.033 0.038 0.046 B 0.007 0.0l8 0.030 0.035 0.041 C 0.002 0.021 0.030 0.032 0.039 Average 0.004 0.021 0.031 0.035 0.042 P4-28 A 0.006 ** 0.030 0.036 0.043 B 0.009 ** 0.027 0.035 0.040 C 0.009 ** 0.028 0.034 0.042 Average 0.008 0.028 0.035 0.042 AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE Mix No. Expansion in Water, % 28 days Shrinkage in Air (73°F, 50% RH), % 4 days 7 days 14 days 28 days P4-47 A 0.004 0.022 0.030 0.039 0.045 B 0.003 0.023 0.030 0.040 0.045 C 0.006 0.019 0.027 0.040 0.041 Average 0.004 0.021 0.029 0.038 0.044 P4-39 A 0.0200 0.005 0.014 0.023 0.027 B 0.020 0.003 0.013 0.021 0.028 C 0.017 0.007 0.014 0.023 0.026 Average 0.019 0.005 0.014 0.022 0.027 P4-41 A 0.016 0.006 0.014 0.022 0.028 B 0.019 0.009 0.018 0.026 0.032 C 0.015 0.002 0.012 0.018 0.024 Average 0.017 0.006 0.015 0.022 0.028 * Measured in accordance with ASTM Designation: C-157-80 Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Cement Mortar and Concrete. ** Not measured. 69 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Page 1 and 2:
Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
Page 3 and 4:
This book is dedicated to all the i
Page 5 and 6:
Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
Page 7 and 8:
Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
Page 9 and 10:
Chapter 1 Background and History o
Page 11 and 12:
The United States is the world's se
Page 13 and 14:
are currently installed on about 25
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problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
Page 17 and 18:
Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
Page 19 and 20:
for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
Page 21 and 22:
Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
Page 23 and 24:
Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
Page 25 and 26: for air entraining admixtures, maki
Page 27 and 28: Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
Page 29 and 30: Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
Page 31 and 32: Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
Page 33 and 34: Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
Page 35 and 36: The following coal fired power plan
Page 37 and 38: All bottom ash is removed as necess
Page 39 and 40: ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
Page 43 and 44: that distribute and test fly ash to
Page 45 and 46: Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
Page 47 and 48: However, some engineering propertie
Page 49 and 50: ----------------------------U.S. ST
Page 51 and 52: Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
Page 53 and 54: Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
Page 57 and 58: alumina in the pozzolan may also re
Page 59 and 60: Dunstan summarized his work in term
Page 61 and 62: The level of shrinkage strains depe
Page 63 and 64: strength tests were performed at va
Page 65 and 66: Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
Page 67 and 68: Other important observations from t
Page 69 and 70: Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
Page 71 and 72: 300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
Page 73 and 74: Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
Page 75: The final setting time for 5000 psi
Page 79 and 80: Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
Page 81 and 82: Abrasion resistance tests were perf
Page 83 and 84: Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
Page 85 and 86: 4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
Page 87 and 88: Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
Page 89 and 90: 12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
Page 91 and 92: Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
Page 93 and 94: Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
Page 95 and 96: Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
Page 97 and 98: Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
Page 99 and 100: Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
Page 103 and 104: Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
Page 105 and 106: 6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
Page 107 and 108: Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
Page 109 and 110: Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
Page 111 and 112: Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
Page 113 and 114: Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
Page 115 and 116: Summary Based on the data recorded
Page 117 and 118: 3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
Page 119 and 120: mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
Page 121 and 122: Testing Program The testing program
Page 123 and 124: Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
Page 125 and 126: Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
Page 127 and 128:
Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
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Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
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Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
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fly ash by weight of total cementit
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Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
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Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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and corresponding compressive stren
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conductivity tests were conducted u
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It can be concluded from this resea
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Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
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(4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
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Mechanical Properties The compressi
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Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
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Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
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WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
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material for foundations, changing
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Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
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The report also evaluated frost sus
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Field Study Following the initial s
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Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
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Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
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Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
Page 179 and 180:
Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
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We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
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The coal combustion materials landf
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The only other compounds detected t
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affect combustion. The resulting fl
Page 189 and 190:
Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
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Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
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Using the back-calculated SN values
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Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
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unconfined compressive strength of
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Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
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The green density of the aluminum f
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Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
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Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
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Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
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judgment is required for new applic
Page 213 and 214:
Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
Page 223 and 224:
Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
Page 225 and 226:
The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
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General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
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* Use Property Owner Notification -
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Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
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the air slide inlet was set at 538
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equired removal temperatures of 813
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Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
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Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
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Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
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3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
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C. Provide adequate number of units
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B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
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show the strength of masonry strong
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3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
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3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
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3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
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11.5 Sample Specification for We En
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D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
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If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
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Chapter 12 References 1. American
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33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
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69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
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Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
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Personal Protective Equipment Speci
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FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
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Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
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annual number of curies of each of
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is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
Page 281 and 282:
constructed with fly ash building m
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Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
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‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
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Index AASHTO See American Associati
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Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
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Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
Page 293 and 294:
Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
Page 295 and 296:
Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
Page 297:
About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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