We Energies Coal Combustion Products ... - The White House

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51. Ramme, B.W., “Reburning of Coal Ash”, Patent No. 5992336, We Energies, Nov. 30, 1999. 52. Naik, T.R. and Kraus, R.N., “Development of Dry-Cast and Wet-Cast Concrete Products Utilizing Fly Ash, Bottom Ash and Used Foundry Sand”, Report No. REP- 339, Center for By-Products Utilization, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. 53. Crovetti, J., Marquette University, Center for Highway and Traffic Engineering, “Design, Construction and Performance of Fly Ash Stabilized CIR Asphalt Pavements in Wisconsin”, Prepared for Wisconsin Electric Power Company, October 1998. 54. Crovetti J., Marquette University, Center for Highway and Traffic Engineering, “Summary of Highland Road Test Results”, October 2003. 55. Wen, H., Tharaniyil, M., Ramme, B.W., and Krebs, S., “Field Performance Evaluation of Type C Fly Ash in Full-Depth Reclamation: A Case History Study”, accepted for Publication at Journal of Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C., 2004. 56. Rohatgi, P.K., “Casting of ASHALLOY Metal Matrix Composites: 1994”, EPRI TR- 106168, 9047-01, Interim Report, May 1996. 57. Birdsall, E., “Advanced Automobile Materials — Aluminum and Magnesium Metal Matrix Composites Enhanced With Fly Ash”, Syn Ex Inc., 1996. 58. Rohatgi, P.K., “Casting of ASHALLOY Metal Matrix Composites: 1993”, EPRI TR- 105822, 9047-01, Interim Report, May 1996. 59. American Coal Ash Association, “Innovative Applications of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs)”, 1998. 60. Johansen, K., “Radioactivity in Coal and Fly Ash”, We Energies, 2003 61. U.S. EPA, “Environmental Fact Sheets”, EPA 530-SW-91-086, January 1992. 62. Li, J. and Gao, X., “Mercury Liberation and Capture Pilot Study”, Prepared for We Energies, January 2004. 63. Ramme, B.W., Kohl. T.A., and Oakes, D., “Use of Wisconsin Electric Bottom Ash Sand and Gravel as Sub-Base and Base Material for Rigid and Flexible Pavements and Floors”, Presented at the 1999 ASCE Materials Engineering Division: MATCong5 – The 5th Materials Engineering Congress in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 10–12, 1999. 64. Ramme, B.W., Naik, T.R., and Kolbeck, H. J., “Construction Experience with CLSM Fly Ash Slurry for Underground Facilities”, American Concrete Institute, Special Publication 153, 1995, pp 403–416. 65. Ramme, B.W. and Naik T.R., “Controlled Low Strength Materials (CLSM) State-ofthe-Art New Innovations” Presented at the 1997 Third CANMET/ACI International Symposium on Advances in Concrete Technology, held on August 24–27, 1997 in Auckland, New Zealand, pp 125-131 of Supplementary Papers. 66. Ramme, B.W., Fischer, B.C., and Naik, T.R., “Three New Ash Beneficiation Processes for the 21st Century.” Seventh CANMET/ACI International Conference Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, 2001, Volume 1. p. 325-338. 67. Ramme, B.W., “Industry’s Hidden Assets”, Wisconsin Natural Resources, No. 25, October 2000. 68. Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., and Ramme, B.W., “Time of Setting Influenced by Inclusion of Fly Ash and Chemical Admixtures”, Presented and Published at the Seventh CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolan in Concrete in Madras, India, July 2001. We Energies 258 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Singh, S.S., “Use of Glass and Fly Ash in Manufacture of Controlled Low Strength Materials”, Presented and Published at the Fifth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology in Singapore, July 2001. 70. Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., Kraus, R.N., and Ramme, B.W., “Manufacture of Masonry Products Containing Large Amounts of Fly Ash”, Presented and Published at the Seventh CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete in Madras, India, July 2001. 71. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., Chun, Y., Ramme, B.W., and Singh, S.S., “Properties of Field Manufactured Cast-Concrete Products”, Submitted to ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, November 2001. 72. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., Singh, S.S., and Ramme, B.W., “Effects of Fly Ash and Foundry Sand on Performance of Architectural Precast Concrete Systems”, Submitted to the Elsevier Science Construction and Building Materials Journal. 73. Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., Kraus, R.N. and Ramme, B.W., “Deicing Salt Scaling Resistance of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete”, Presented and pre-print published at the ACI’s Fall Convention, Technical Session on “Deicer Salt Scaling Resistance of Fly Ash Concrete — Myth or Reality”, held in Toronto, Canada, October 2000. 74. Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., Kraus, R.N., Ramme, B.W., and Domann, R.A., “Enhanced Materials for Concrete Construction Using Foundry By-Products”, Presentation and Publication at the CANMET/ACI International Symposium on “Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology”, held in San Francisco, U.S.A., September 2001. 75. Naik, T.R., Chun, Y., Kraus, R.N., Singh, S.S., Pennock, L.C., and Ramme, B.W., “Strength and Durability of Roller-Compacted HVFA Concrete Pavements” Publication in the ASCE’s Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, March 2001 76. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., Ramme, B.W., and Siddique, R., “Mechanical Properties and Durability of Concrete Pavements Containing High-Volume Fly Ash”, for Presentation and Publication at the 6th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete, Thessaloniki, Greece, June 2003. 77. Naik, T.R., Siddique, R., and Ramme, B.W., “Influence of Fly Ash and Chemical Admixtures on Setting Time of Cement Paste”, for Presentation and Publication at the Seventh CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete, Berlin, Germany, October 2003. 78. Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., and Ramme, B.W., “Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete Made with Blended Fly Ash”, Presentation and Publication at the Sustainability and Concrete Technology Seminar, Barcelona & Lyon, November 2002. 79. Naik, T.R., Ramme, B.W., Kraus, R.N., Chun, Y., and Kumar, R., “Use of High- Carbon Fly Ash in Manufacturing of Conductive CLSM and Concrete”, Publication and Presentation at the Eighth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Las Vegas, May 23–29, 2004. 80. Ramme, B.W., Wen, H., Sohns, L., Naik, T.R., and Kraus, R.N., “Utilization of Self- Cementing Class C Fly Ash in Full-Depth Reclaimed Asphalt Concrete Pavements” Publication and Presentation at the Eighth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Las Vegas, May 23– 29, 2004. 259 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
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Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
Page 3 and 4:
This book is dedicated to all the i
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Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
Page 7 and 8:
Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
Page 9 and 10:
Chapter 1 Background and History o
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The United States is the world's se
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are currently installed on about 25
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problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
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Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
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for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
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Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
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Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
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for air entraining admixtures, maki
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Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
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Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
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Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
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Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
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The following coal fired power plan
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All bottom ash is removed as necess
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ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
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Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
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that distribute and test fly ash to
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Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
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However, some engineering propertie
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----------------------------U.S. ST
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Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
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Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
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Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
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alumina in the pozzolan may also re
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Dunstan summarized his work in term
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The level of shrinkage strains depe
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strength tests were performed at va
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Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
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Other important observations from t
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Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
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300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
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Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
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The final setting time for 5000 psi
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Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
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Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
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Abrasion resistance tests were perf
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Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
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4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
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Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
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12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
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Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
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Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
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Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
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Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
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Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
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Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
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Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
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6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
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Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
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Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
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Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
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Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
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Summary Based on the data recorded
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3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
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mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
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Testing Program The testing program
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Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
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Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
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Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
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Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
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Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
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fly ash by weight of total cementit
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Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
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Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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and corresponding compressive stren
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conductivity tests were conducted u
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It can be concluded from this resea
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Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
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(4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
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Mechanical Properties The compressi
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Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
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Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
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WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
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material for foundations, changing
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Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
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The report also evaluated frost sus
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Field Study Following the initial s
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Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
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Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
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Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
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Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
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We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
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The coal combustion materials landf
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The only other compounds detected t
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affect combustion. The resulting fl
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Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
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Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
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Using the back-calculated SN values
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Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
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unconfined compressive strength of
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Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
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The green density of the aluminum f
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Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
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Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
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Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
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judgment is required for new applic
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Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
Page 215 and 216: Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
Page 217 and 218: Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
Page 219 and 220: Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
Page 221 and 222: Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
Page 223 and 224: Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
Page 225 and 226: The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
Page 227 and 228: General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
Page 229 and 230: * Use Property Owner Notification -
Page 231 and 232: Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
Page 233 and 234: the air slide inlet was set at 538
Page 235 and 236: equired removal temperatures of 813
Page 237 and 238: Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
Page 239 and 240: Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
Page 241 and 242: Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
Page 243 and 244: 3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
Page 245 and 246: C. Provide adequate number of units
Page 247 and 248: B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
Page 249 and 250: show the strength of masonry strong
Page 251 and 252: 3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
Page 253 and 254: 3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
Page 255 and 256: 3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
Page 257 and 258: 11.5 Sample Specification for We En
Page 259 and 260: D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
Page 261 and 262: If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
Page 263 and 264: Chapter 12 References 1. American
Page 265: 33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
Page 269 and 270: Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
Page 271 and 272: Personal Protective Equipment Speci
Page 273 and 274: FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
Page 275 and 276: Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
Page 277 and 278: annual number of curies of each of
Page 279 and 280: is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
Page 281 and 282: constructed with fly ash building m
Page 283 and 284: Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
Page 285 and 286: ‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
Page 287 and 288: Index AASHTO See American Associati
Page 289 and 290: Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
Page 291 and 292: Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
Page 293 and 294: Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
Page 295 and 296: Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
Page 297: About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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