We Energies Coal Combustion Products ... - The White House

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Index ASTM C231 (Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method), 65, 111, 119, 232 ASTM C260 (Standard Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete), 233 ASTM C309 (Standard Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds for Curing Concrete), 233 ASTM C403 (Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of Concrete Mixtures by Penetration Resistance), 66, 129, 245 ASTM C469 (Standard Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio of Concrete in Compression), 67, 68 ASTM C494 (Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete), 233 ASTM C593 (Standard Specification for Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for Use With Lime), 190 ASTM C618 (Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Concrete), 15, 16, 34, 34, 35, 36, 55, 89, 110, 135, 138, 177, 233, 246, 249 ASTM C642 (Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete), 106, 114 ASTM C666 (Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing), 70, 70, 71, 99-101 ASTM C672 (Standard Test Method for Scaling Resistance of Concrete Surfaces Exposed to Deicing Chemicals), 103 ASTM C779 (Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Horizontal Concrete Surfaces), 105 ASTM C944 (Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete or Mortar Surfaces by the Rotating- Cutter Method), 73 ASTM C1064 (Standard Test Method for Temperature of Freshly Mixed Portland Cement Concrete), 111, 119 ASTM C1202 (Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete's Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration), 78, 85, 106, 107 ASTM D422 (Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils), 160, 161, 242 ASTM D698 (Standard Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort), 160, 249 ASTM D1557 (Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort), 38, 190, 241, 243 ASTM D1633 (Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Molded Soil- Cement Cylinders), 190 ASTM D1751 (Standard Specification for Preformed Expansion Joint Filler for Concrete Paving and Structural Construction), 233 ASTM D1883 (Standard Test Method for California Bearing Ratio of Laboratory-Compacted Soils) 160 ASTM D2234 (Standard Practice for Collection of a Gross Sample of Coal), 176, 177 ASTM D2434 (Standard Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils), 160 ASTM D3080 (Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under Consolidated Drained Conditions), 160 ASTM D3987 (Standard Test Method for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water), 172, 203, 206-207, 210-211, 212, 213 ASTM D4832 (Standard Test Method for Preparation and Testing of Controlled Low Strength Material Test Cylinders), 119, 143, 147, 245 ASTM D5239 (Standard Practice for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in Soil Stabilization), 249 ASTM D6023 (Standard Test Method for Unit Weight, Yield, Cement Content, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Controlled Low Strength Material), 143, 147 ASTM D6024 (Standard Test Method for Ball Drop on Controlled Low Strength Material to Determine Suitability for Load Application), 143 ASTM D6103 (Standard Test Method for Flow Consistency of Controlled Low Strength Material), 143, 147, 153, 245 ASTM E1861 (Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion By-Products in Structural Fills), 240 Atterberg limits, 43, 44-45; testing procedure, 39 Autoclave expansion, 110, 138 Average particle size See Size We Energies 280 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138, 143, 156-157, 159, 165-168, 166, 167, 168; Minergy LWA, 230; specifications, 240-243 See also Controlled low strength material Baghouses, 10, 30, 223-224 Base course aggregates See under Aggregates Beneficiation process, 4, 223-227 Best Block Company, 179 Bike trails, 169 Boiler slag, 2, 11, 14, 22-23, 22-24 Bottom ash, 2, 11, 14, 37-46, 159-184; abrasion, 22, 43, 44-45; California Bearing Ratio, 21, 22, 160, 162; chemical composition, 19, 19, 37, 37, 201-203, 202; color, 37; compressive strength, 21; corrosion potential, 37; defined, 2; density, 21, 22, 38, 38, 160, 164, 167; effects of coal type, 19, 19-20; elemental analysis, 171, 208- 209; expansion, 161; freeze-thaw resistance, 44-45, 160, 161, 163; friction angle, 22, 160, 161, 167-168, 168; gradation, 20, 20, 43, 44-45, 160, 166; leaching, 172, 201, 203, 210-211; marketing agents, 28, 29; mineralogical composition, 201; moisture content, 21, 22, 38, 160; permeability, 21, 22, 160, 161, 166, 167; physical properties, 19-20, 20- 22, 37-39, 38-42, 160-161, 161-162 See also specific properties; pilot projects, 163-165, 165, 169-170, 170, 173, 173, 174; plastic limit, 21; plasticity, 22; reburning, 177-179; recovery, 174-177, 175; research, 37- 46, 113, 159-164, 179-184; shrinkage, 21; size, 39, 40-42, 160, 161; soundness, 44-45, 45; specific gravity, 22; specifications, 44-45; staining potential, 37; statistics, 2, 26, 26-30, 37; stress, 162; utilization, 19, 26, 38, 159-184, 165, 166, 170, 173, 174 See also specific products; weight, 22 Bulk density See Density C 2 P 2 , 216-217 Calcium sulfate See Gypsum Calcium sulfite, 11, 24, 24 California Bearing Ratio, 18, 21, 22, 23, 23, 160, 162 California Test Method for Estimating the Service Life of Steel Culverts, 140 Carbon fibers, 123-128, 146-151 CCP See Coal combustion products Cement, 6, 16, 17, 25, 26, 34, 48, 49, 50, 72, 110, 202, 216, 233 Cenospheres, 196, 197, 198, 199; defined, 199 Center for By-Products Utilization (UWM), 54, 77, 105, 112, 130, 138, 147, 179, 180 Center for Highway and Traffic Engineering (Marquette University), 185 Chemical composition, ASTM C150 specification, 110; ASTM C618 specifications, 110; boiler slag, 23, 23; bottom ash, 19, 19, 37, 37, 201-203, 202; cement, 16, 110; fly ash, 15, 15, 16, 34, 34-35, 55, 110, 114, 135, 201- 203, 202; gypsum, 25 Chloride ion permeability See under Permeability Cincrete, 6-7 Cinders, 1-2, 2, 6-7, 179; defined, 1 See also Bottom ash Class C fly ash See under Fly ash Class F fly ash See under Fly ash Class N mineral admixture, 15 Clean Air Act, 3, 4 Coal, effect on boiler slag, 22, 23; effect on bottom ash, 19, 19-20; effect on fly ash, 3, 15, 33, 35; effect on gypsum, 25; low sulfur, 3; lump, 1; pulverized, 2, 7, 9, 177; super-critical pulverized, 31; Wyoming Powder River Basin, 35 Coal combustion products, 1-7, 9-11, 14, 47; cinders, 1-2, 2, 6-7, 179; defined, 1, 9; elemental analysis, 202, 202- 203; generation process, 10-11, 14; material safety data sheet, 264-266; radioactivity, 213-214, 267-273; reburning, 177-179; recovery, 174- 177, 175; statistics, 2-3, 3, 26 See also Bottom ash; Fly ash; Utilization Coal Combustion Products Partnership, 216-217 Cohesion, 18, 25 Cold-in-place recycling, 18, 47, 185-192, 188, 192, 249-254, 275-277 Color, bottom ash, 37; concrete, 93, 94; controlled low strength material, 155 Combustion control technology, 3-5, 223- 227 Commerce Street Power Plant, 6 Commercial use See Utilization Compressibility, 25 Compressive strength, asphalt, 191; base course, 111, 112; bottom ash, 21; cement, 110; concrete, 54-64, 56-61, 67-68, 67-68, 72-74, 75, 77, 78, 80- 81, 96, 97-98, 106, 107, 107, 111, 112, 117, 119, 121, 122, 126, 127, 232; controlled low strength material, 129-140, 131-133, 136-137, 139-140, 144-145, 145, 147, 149, 149, 244- 281 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Page 1 and 2:
Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
Page 3 and 4:
This book is dedicated to all the i
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Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
Page 7 and 8:
Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
Page 9 and 10:
Chapter 1 Background and History o
Page 11 and 12:
The United States is the world's se
Page 13 and 14:
are currently installed on about 25
Page 15 and 16:
problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
Page 17 and 18:
Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
Page 19 and 20:
for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
Page 21 and 22:
Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
Page 23 and 24:
Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
Page 25 and 26:
for air entraining admixtures, maki
Page 27 and 28:
Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
Page 29 and 30:
Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
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Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
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Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
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The following coal fired power plan
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All bottom ash is removed as necess
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ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
Page 41 and 42:
Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
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that distribute and test fly ash to
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Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
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However, some engineering propertie
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----------------------------U.S. ST
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Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
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Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
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Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
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alumina in the pozzolan may also re
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Dunstan summarized his work in term
Page 61 and 62:
The level of shrinkage strains depe
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strength tests were performed at va
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Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
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Other important observations from t
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Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
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300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
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Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
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The final setting time for 5000 psi
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Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
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Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
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Abrasion resistance tests were perf
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Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
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4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
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Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
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12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
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Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
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Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
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Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
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Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
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Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
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Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
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Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
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6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
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Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
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Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
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Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
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Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
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Summary Based on the data recorded
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3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
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mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
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Testing Program The testing program
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Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
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Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
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Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
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Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
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Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
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fly ash by weight of total cementit
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Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
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Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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and corresponding compressive stren
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conductivity tests were conducted u
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It can be concluded from this resea
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Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
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(4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
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Mechanical Properties The compressi
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Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
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Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
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WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
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material for foundations, changing
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Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
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The report also evaluated frost sus
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Field Study Following the initial s
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Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
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Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
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Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
Page 179 and 180:
Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
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We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
Page 183 and 184:
The coal combustion materials landf
Page 185 and 186:
The only other compounds detected t
Page 187 and 188:
affect combustion. The resulting fl
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Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
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Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
Page 195 and 196:
Using the back-calculated SN values
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Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
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unconfined compressive strength of
Page 201 and 202:
Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
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The green density of the aluminum f
Page 205 and 206:
Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
Page 207 and 208:
Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
Page 209 and 210:
Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
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judgment is required for new applic
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Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
Page 223 and 224:
Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
Page 225 and 226:
The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
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General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
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* Use Property Owner Notification -
Page 231 and 232:
Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
Page 233 and 234:
the air slide inlet was set at 538
Page 235 and 236:
equired removal temperatures of 813
Page 237 and 238: Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
Page 239 and 240: Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
Page 241 and 242: Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
Page 243 and 244: 3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
Page 245 and 246: C. Provide adequate number of units
Page 247 and 248: B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
Page 249 and 250: show the strength of masonry strong
Page 251 and 252: 3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
Page 253 and 254: 3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
Page 255 and 256: 3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
Page 257 and 258: 11.5 Sample Specification for We En
Page 259 and 260: D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
Page 261 and 262: If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
Page 263 and 264: Chapter 12 References 1. American
Page 265 and 266: 33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
Page 267 and 268: 69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
Page 269 and 270: Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
Page 271 and 272: Personal Protective Equipment Speci
Page 273 and 274: FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
Page 275 and 276: Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
Page 277 and 278: annual number of curies of each of
Page 279 and 280: is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
Page 281 and 282: constructed with fly ash building m
Page 283 and 284: Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
Page 285 and 286: ‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
Page 287: Index AASHTO See American Associati
Page 291 and 292: Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
Page 293 and 294: Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
Page 295 and 296: Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
Page 297: About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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