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Mixture Proportions Two different types of CLSM mixtures were tested. CLSM mixture proportions and fresh CLSM test results are shown in Table 5-15. The CLSM mixtures were proportioned to maintain a “practical” value of flow that would not lead to excessive segregation and bleeding. Table 5-15: CLSM Mixtures Mixture No. CLSM-A CLSM-B Laboratory Mixture Designation Mixture Description W-1 WF High-Carbon Fly Ash CLSM High-Carbon Fly Ash CLSM with Carbon Fibers Fly Ash, FA (lb/yd 3 ) 1250 490 Cement, C (lb/yd 3 ) 97 95 Carbon Fibers (lb/yd 3 ) -- 23 Fly Ash Content, % [FA/(FA+C)]100 93 82 Water, W (lb/yd 3 ) 1010 1370 [W/(C+FA)] 0.75 2.3 Air Temperature (ºF) 79 72 Fresh CLSM Temperature (ºF) 76 60 Flow (in.) 11 8 Air Content (%) 1.7 0.6 Unit Weight (lb/ft 3 ) 87.2 73.6 Hardened CLSM Density (lb/ft 3 ) 85 90 We Energies 148 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Mechanical Properties The compressive strength data for the CLSM mixtures are presented in Table 5-16. Compressive strength of the high-volume fly ash CLSM mixture (Mixture CLSM-A, fly ash and cement) increased slightly between the ages of 3 and 28 days. Compressive strength for Mixture CLSM-A was 70 psi at the 3-day age, and increased to 85 psi at the 28-day age. When carbon fibers were introduced into the CLSM mixture, compressive strength was significantly reduced, to approximately 10 psi. The 28-day strength levels achieved for the CLSM-A and CLSM-B mixtures should not be expected to pose a problem in case of future excavation. Due to the addition of carbon fibers, the flowability of the CLSM was significantly reduced for Mixture CLSM-B. In order to obtain flow characteristics for a typical CLSM, water for Mixture CLSM-B needed to be increased by approximately 30% over the amount used for Mixture CLSM-A (CLSM without fibers). Reduced flowability is to be expected since the fibers would tend to interlock and restrict the flow of the mixture. Table 5-16: Compressive Strength of CLSM Mixtures Mixture No. Fly Ash Content, % [FA/(C+FA)] Compressive Strength (psi) 3-day 7-day 14-day 28-day Act. Avg. Act. Avg. Act. Avg. Act. Avg. CLSM-A 93 CLSM-B 82 75 70 70 85 70 75 80 70 75 85 80 65 70 75 90 -- 10 10 10 -- -- 5 10 10 10 10 -- 10 10 10 85 10 Electrical Properties of CLSM Mixtures The electrical resistivity values of the CLSM mixtures shown in Table 5-17 and Figure 5-10 are for air-dried specimens and Table 5-18 and Figure 5-11 for saturated specimens. Electrical resistivity of high-carbon fly ash mixture, CLSM-A, increased from 162.8 ohm-cm at the age of three days to over 55000 ohm-cm at the age of 28 days. Saturated specimens increased from 162.2 ohm-cm to only 535.7 ohm-cm at the age of 28 days. A significant improvement in the electrical resistance of CLSM occurred when carbon fibers were incorporated in Mixture CLSM-B. Both air-dried and saturated 149 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
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Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
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This book is dedicated to all the i
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Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
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Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
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Chapter 1 Background and History o
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The United States is the world's se
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are currently installed on about 25
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problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
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Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
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for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
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Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
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Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
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for air entraining admixtures, maki
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Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
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Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
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Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
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Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
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The following coal fired power plan
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All bottom ash is removed as necess
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ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
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Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
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that distribute and test fly ash to
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Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
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However, some engineering propertie
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----------------------------U.S. ST
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Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
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Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
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Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
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alumina in the pozzolan may also re
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Dunstan summarized his work in term
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The level of shrinkage strains depe
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strength tests were performed at va
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Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
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Other important observations from t
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Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
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300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
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Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
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The final setting time for 5000 psi
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Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
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Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
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Abrasion resistance tests were perf
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Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
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4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
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Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
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12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
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Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
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Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
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Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
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Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
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Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
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Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
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Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
Page 105 and 106: 6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
Page 107 and 108: Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
Page 109 and 110: Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
Page 111 and 112: Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
Page 113 and 114: Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
Page 115 and 116: Summary Based on the data recorded
Page 117 and 118: 3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
Page 119 and 120: mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
Page 121 and 122: Testing Program The testing program
Page 123 and 124: Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
Page 125 and 126: Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
Page 127 and 128: Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
Page 129 and 130: Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
Page 131 and 132: Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
Page 133 and 134: fly ash by weight of total cementit
Page 135 and 136: Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
Page 137 and 138: Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
Page 139 and 140: Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
Page 141 and 142: 1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
Page 143 and 144: Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
Page 145 and 146: 1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
Page 147 and 148: and corresponding compressive stren
Page 149 and 150: conductivity tests were conducted u
Page 151 and 152: It can be concluded from this resea
Page 153 and 154: Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
Page 155: (4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
Page 159 and 160: Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
Page 161 and 162: Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
Page 163 and 164: WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
Page 165 and 166: material for foundations, changing
Page 167 and 168: Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
Page 169 and 170: The report also evaluated frost sus
Page 171 and 172: Field Study Following the initial s
Page 173 and 174: Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
Page 175 and 176: Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
Page 177 and 178: Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
Page 179 and 180: Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
Page 181 and 182: We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
Page 183 and 184: The coal combustion materials landf
Page 185 and 186: The only other compounds detected t
Page 187 and 188: affect combustion. The resulting fl
Page 189 and 190: Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
Page 191 and 192: Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
Page 193 and 194: Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
Page 195 and 196: Using the back-calculated SN values
Page 197 and 198: Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
Page 199 and 200: unconfined compressive strength of
Page 201 and 202: Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
Page 203 and 204: The green density of the aluminum f
Page 205 and 206: Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
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Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
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Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
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judgment is required for new applic
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Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
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Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
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The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
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General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
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* Use Property Owner Notification -
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Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
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the air slide inlet was set at 538
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equired removal temperatures of 813
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Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
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Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
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Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
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3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
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C. Provide adequate number of units
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B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
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show the strength of masonry strong
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3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
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3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
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3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
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11.5 Sample Specification for We En
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D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
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If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
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Chapter 12 References 1. American
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33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
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69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
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Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
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Personal Protective Equipment Speci
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FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
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Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
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annual number of curies of each of
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is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
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constructed with fly ash building m
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Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
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‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
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Index AASHTO See American Associati
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Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
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Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
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Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
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Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
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About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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