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Table 4-34: Changes in Fundamental Longitudinal Resonant Frequency of Test Prisms During Freeze- Thaw Cycling per ASTM C666 Procedure A Source of Fly Ash Percent Replacement Size of Specimen, (in.) P-4 20 3x4x12-1/4 P-4 50 3x4x12-1/4 OCPP 40 3x3x11-1/4 P-4 20 3x4x12-1/4 P-4 50 3x4x12-1/4 OCPP 40 3x3x11-1/4 Fundamental Longitudinal Resonant Frequency N, cps Reference Moist-Cured Prisms Freeze-Thaw Test Prisms Initial 6504 6546 5679 6431 6340 6400 7162 7150 7142 Initial 5.280 5.786 5.807 5.733 5.647 5.677 3.842 3.826 3.780 At end of Freeze- Thaw Cycle Time 6764 6820 6838 6778 6645 6722 7493 7480 7443 At end of Freeze- Thaw Cycle Time 5.843 5.810 5.832 5.762 5.675 5.706 3.853 3.837 3.793 Percent Change 4.0 4.2 3.9 5.4 4.8 5.0 4.6 4.6 4.2 Percent Change 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.51 0.50 0.51 0.29 0.29 0.34 N * N ** N *** 6526 6547 6492 6412 6350 6379 6912 6975 6971 Weight W, Kg 6180 [150] 6103 [150] 6140 [150] 6178 [150] 6030 [150] 6092 [150] 6673 [150] 6805 [150] 6770 [150] 5620 [300] 5954 [300] 5070 [300] 6194 [300] 5891 [300] 6101 [300] 6890 [300] 6780 [300] 6780 [300] W * W ** W *** 5.834 5.770 5.827 5.789 5.763 5.738 3.843 3.850 3.874 5.873 [150] 5.763 [150] 5.785 [150] 5.797 [150] 5.784 [150] 5.759 [150] 3.846 [150] 3.856 [150] 3.878 [150] 5.800 [300] 5.763 [300] 5.790 [300] 5.781 [300] 5.773 [300] 5.752 [300] 3.827 [300] 3.833 [300] 3.858 [300] Percent Change -13.9 -9.1 -21.9 -3.4 -7.2 -4.4 -0.3 -2.8 -2.7 Percent Change -0.58 -0.12 -0.63 -0.14 0.17 0.24 -0.42 -0.44 -0.41 We Energies 100 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity of Test Prisms During Freeze-Thaw Cycling Per ASTM C666 Procedure A Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity V, m /s Specimen No. Source of Fly Ash Percent Replacement Size of Specimen, (in.) Reference Moist-Cured Prisms Initial At end of Freeze- Thaw Cycles Time Percent Change Freeze-Thaw Test Prisms V* V** V*** Percent Change 2.20.4 2.20.5 2.20.6 F-28 F-29 F-30 F17 F21 F22 2.20.1 2.20.2 2.20.3 F-25 F-26 F-27 F-1 F-2 F-3 P-4 20 3x4x12¼ P-4 50 3x4x12¼ OCPP 40 3x3x11¼ P-4 20 3x4x12¼ P-4 50 3x4x12¼ OCPP 40 3x3x11¼ 4876 4718 4769 4620 4592 4559 4726 4582 4627 4762 4784 4821 4718 4718 4676 4830 4734 4774 1.84 1.40 1.09 2.12 2.74 2.57 2.20 3.32 3.18 4704 4726 4655 4599 4586 4552 4481 4582 4510 4473 [150] 4539 [150] 4480 [150] 4473 [150] 4403 [150] 4391 [150] 4453 [150] 4298 [150] 4432 [150]] 4391 [300] 4460 [300] 4354 [300] 4512 [300] 4473 [300] 4447 [300] 4419 [300] 4405 [300] 4391 [300] * Average resonant frequency of prisms after moist curing at the commencement of the freeze-thaw cycling. ** Number in brackets represents the number of freeze-thaw cycles completed at the time of testing. *** Termination of freeze-thaw test. -6.65 -5.63 -6.47 -1.89 -2.46 -2.31 -1.38 -3.86 -2.64 101 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
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Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
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This book is dedicated to all the i
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Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
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Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
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Chapter 1 Background and History o
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The United States is the world's se
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are currently installed on about 25
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problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
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Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
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for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
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Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
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Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
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for air entraining admixtures, maki
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Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
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Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
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Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
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Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
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The following coal fired power plan
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All bottom ash is removed as necess
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ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
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Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
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that distribute and test fly ash to
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Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
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However, some engineering propertie
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----------------------------U.S. ST
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Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
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Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
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Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
Page 57 and 58: alumina in the pozzolan may also re
Page 59 and 60: Dunstan summarized his work in term
Page 61 and 62: The level of shrinkage strains depe
Page 63 and 64: strength tests were performed at va
Page 65 and 66: Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
Page 67 and 68: Other important observations from t
Page 69 and 70: Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
Page 71 and 72: 300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
Page 73 and 74: Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
Page 75 and 76: The final setting time for 5000 psi
Page 77 and 78: Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
Page 79 and 80: Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
Page 81 and 82: Abrasion resistance tests were perf
Page 83 and 84: Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
Page 85 and 86: 4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
Page 87 and 88: Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
Page 89 and 90: 12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
Page 91 and 92: Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
Page 93 and 94: Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
Page 95 and 96: Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
Page 97 and 98: Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
Page 99 and 100: Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
Page 103 and 104: Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
Page 105 and 106: 6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
Page 107: Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
Page 111 and 112: Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
Page 113 and 114: Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
Page 115 and 116: Summary Based on the data recorded
Page 117 and 118: 3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
Page 119 and 120: mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
Page 121 and 122: Testing Program The testing program
Page 123 and 124: Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
Page 125 and 126: Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
Page 127 and 128: Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
Page 129 and 130: Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
Page 131 and 132: Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
Page 133 and 134: fly ash by weight of total cementit
Page 135 and 136: Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
Page 137 and 138: Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
Page 139 and 140: Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
Page 141 and 142: 1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
Page 143 and 144: Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
Page 145 and 146: 1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
Page 147 and 148: and corresponding compressive stren
Page 149 and 150: conductivity tests were conducted u
Page 151 and 152: It can be concluded from this resea
Page 153 and 154: Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
Page 155 and 156: (4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
Page 157 and 158: Mechanical Properties The compressi
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Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
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Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
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WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
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material for foundations, changing
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Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
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The report also evaluated frost sus
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Field Study Following the initial s
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Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
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Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
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Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
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Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
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We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
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The coal combustion materials landf
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The only other compounds detected t
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affect combustion. The resulting fl
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Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
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Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
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Using the back-calculated SN values
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Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
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unconfined compressive strength of
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Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
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The green density of the aluminum f
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Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
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Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
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Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
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judgment is required for new applic
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Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
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Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
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The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
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General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
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* Use Property Owner Notification -
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Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
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the air slide inlet was set at 538
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equired removal temperatures of 813
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Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
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Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
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Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
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3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
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C. Provide adequate number of units
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B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
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show the strength of masonry strong
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3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
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3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
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3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
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11.5 Sample Specification for We En
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D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
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If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
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Chapter 12 References 1. American
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33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
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69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
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Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
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Personal Protective Equipment Speci
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FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
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Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
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annual number of curies of each of
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is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
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constructed with fly ash building m
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Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
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‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
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Index AASHTO See American Associati
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Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
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Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
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Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
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Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
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About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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