We Energies Coal Combustion Products ... - The White House

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Index Hydraulic removal systems, 30 Incinerator ash, 5 Integrated gasification combined cycle technology, 10, 11, 13 Internal friction angle See Friction angle Johansen, Kjell, "Radioactivity in Coal and Fly Ash," 267 Ladish Co., Inc., 197 Lafarge North America, 28 Lakeside Power Plant, 1 Lakeview Corporate Park, 163-164 Landfills, 5, 5, 6, 174-177, 175, 191-192, 201 Leaching, 176-177, 203-213; bottom ash, 172, 201, 203, 210-211; concrete, 212; controlled low strength material, 212, 213; fly ash, 172, 201, 203, 206- 207; testing procedures, 203 Length change See Shrinkage Lightweight aggregates See under Aggregates Liquid limit, 21, 43 Liquid waste stabilization, 26, 47 Los Angeles Abrasion Test See Abrasion Loss on ignition, 16, 16, 34, 35, 36, 110, 177-179 Manufactured soil products, bottom ash, 159, 169-170, 170; Minergy LWA, 230 See also Green roofs Maple Avenue pilot project See under Pilot projects Marketing agents, 28, 29, 34-35 Marquette University Center for Highway and Traffic Engineering, 185 Masonry products, bottom ash, 38, 113, 159, 179-184; cinders, 1, 179; compressive strength, 113-116, 115, 116, 179-180, 182-184; cost comparison, 230; density, 114-116, 115, 116; fly ash, 112-116, 180; freeze-thaw resistance, 116; Minergy LWA, 229-230; mixture design, 114, 116, 180, 180-181; research, 112- 116, 179-184 Material safety data sheets, coal combustion products, 264-266; Minergy LWA, 262-263 Matrecon, Inc. 141 Maximum dry density See Density MCPP See Milwaukee County Power Plant Mercury, 223-226, 224-226 Metal-matrix composites, 193-200; aluminum ash alloy, 193, 193-200, 195; cost comparison, 193-194, 199; defined, 193 Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, 4, 216 Michigan Department of Transportation, 39, 43, 45, 45, 166 Military Standard 621A (Standard Test Method for Determining the Modulus of Soil Reaction), 163 Milwaukee County Power Plant, 27, 27, 170; map, 32; statistics, 26, 27 Milwaukee County Power Plant (bottom ash), chemical composition, 37; density, 38; gradation, 20, 46; hydraulic conductivity, 38; moisture content, 38; physical properties, 38; research, 170; size, 39, 40 Milwaukee County Power Plant (mixed ash), elemental analysis, 208; leaching, 210 Minergy LWA, 229-230; safety data sheet, 262-263 Mixture design See under Testing procedures Modified proctor values, 39 Modulus of elasticity See Elasticity Moisture content, boiler slag, 23; bottom ash, 21, 22, 38, 160; concrete, 110, 180, 181; fly ash, 16, 34, 110; gypsum, 24 Nitrogen oxide, 3-4, 226 NR 428 See Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources NR 538 See Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Oak Creek Power Plant, 5, 28, 28, 31, 31; map, 32; statistics, 26, 28 Oak Creek Power Plant (bottom ash), chemical composition, 37; density, 38; drainage, 167; elemental analysis, 209; gradation, 46, 166; hydraulic conductivity, 38; leaching, 211; moisture content, 38; permeability, 167; physical properties, 38; research, 169, 179-184; size, 39, 40 Oak Creek Power Plant (fly ash), chemical composition, 34; elemental analysis, 205; fineness, 36; leaching, 207; loss on ignition, 34; moisture content, 34; physical properties, 36; pilot projects, 91-105; research, 180; soundness, 36; specific gravity, 36; strength, 36; water demand, 36 Oak Creek (Wis.), landfill, 5 Oakes (A. W.) & Son, 28, 29, 164, 169 OCPP See Oak Creek Power Plant Patents, 118, 123, 143, 146, 174, 177, 199, 223, 226 We Energies 284 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; bottom ash, 38, 159-165, 169; cold-in-place recycling, 18, 47, 185-192, 188, 192, 275-277; County highway JK (Waukesha county, Wis.), 189-191, 191; Maple Avenue (Sussex, Wis.), 91, 92; pilot projects, 88, 88-105, 90-93, 108-112, 111, 163-165, 185-192, 188, 192; specifications, 249-254; West Highland Avenue (Mequon, Wis.), 185-189, 188 Permeability, air, 81-82, 82-83, 87-88; backfill, 166, 167; boiler slag, 23; bottom ash, 21, 22, 160, 161, 166, 167; chloride ion, 77-78, 85-88, 86-87, 97, 104, 106, 107; concrete, 50, 77- 88, 82-87, 97, 104, 106, 107, 120, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128; controlled low strength material, 130, 145, 146, 150, 151, 152, 155; fly ash, 18; gypsum, 25; electrical, 120, 122, 123, 124, 128, 146, 150, 151, 152; mixture design, 78, 79; testing procedures, 81; water, 83-84, 84-86, 87-88 Pilot projects, A. W. Oakes & Son, 164- 165, 165; base course, 108-112, 163- 165, 165; bottom ash, 163-165, 165, 169-170, 170, 173, 173, 174; cold-inplace recycling, 185-191, 188; concrete, 88-105, 108-112; controlled low strength material, 153-154; County highway JK (Waukesha county, Wis.), 189-191, 191; fly ash, 88-105, 108-112, 153-154, 185-192; green roofs, 173, 173, 174; Lakeview Corporate Park, 163-164; landscaping, 169-170, 173, 173, 174; manufactured soil products, 169-170, 170; Maple Avenue (Sussex, Wis.), 91, 92; parking lot, 191-192, 192; pavement, 88, 88-105, 90-93, 111, 163-165, 185-192, 188, 192; Pleasant Prairie Power Plant, 91-105, 93, 174- 177, 175; Port Washington Power Plant, 108-112, 111; recovery, 174- 177, 175; Sussex Corporate Center, 88, 88-90, 90; West Highland Avenue (Mequon, Wis.), 185-189, 188 PIPP See Presque Isle Power Plant PIXE See Proton Induced X-ray Emission Spectroscopy Plastic limit, 21, 43 Plastic soil-cement See Controlled low strength material Plasticity, 22, 23, 25 Plastics compatibility, 140-143 Pleasant Prairie Power Plant, 4, 5, 28-29, 29; ash reburning, 179; ash recovery, 174-177, 175; landfill, 174-177, 175; map, 32; pilot project, 91-105, 93, 174-177, 175; statistics, 26, 28 Pleasant Prairie Power Plant (bottom ash), abrasion, 43, 44-45; Atterberg limits, 43, 44-45; chemical composition, 37; density, 38, 45, 167; drainage, 167; elemental analysis, 209; freeze-thaw resistance, 44-45; gradation, 20, 43, 44-45, 166; hydraulic conductivity, 38; leaching, 211; moisture content, 38; permeability, 167; physical properties, 38, 159-161, 161-162; research, 159- 164, 169; size, 39, 41; soundness, 44- 45, 45 Pleasant Prairie Power Plant (fly ash), chemical composition, 34, 55; consistency, 34, 35-36; elemental analysis, 205; fineness, 35, 36, 55; leaching, 207; loss on ignition, 34, 36; mercury, 224-225, 225-226; moisture content, 34; physical properties, 36, 55; pilot projects, 88-105, 185-189; pozzolanic activity index, 55; research, 54-88, 117-118, 130-134, 155; soundness, 36, 55; specific gravity, 36, 55; strength, 36, 54-64, 56-61; water demand, 36, 55, 62-63, 62-63 Poisson's ratio, 67-68, 67-68, 71 Pollution See Environmental considerations Porosity, 49, 50, 54 Port Washington Power Plant, 27, 29, 29- 30; map, 32; pilot project, 108-112, 111; statistics, 26, 29 Port Washington Power Plant (bottom ash), density, 38; drainage, 167; elemental analysis, 208; hydraulic conductivity, 38; leaching, 210; moisture content, 38; permeability, 167; physical properties, 38; research, 170 Port Washington Power Plant (CLSM), elemental analysis, 212; leaching, 213 Port Washington Power Plant (fly ash), chemical composition, 138; elemental analysis, 204; fineness, 138; leaching, 206; physical properties, 138; pozzolanic activity index, 138; research, 118-122, 138-140, 143-146; specific gravity, 138; water demand, 138 Portland cement See Cement Post-combustion controls, 4, 223-227 Powder Metallurgy, 194-195 Power plants, 9-10, 12-13; ash generation process, 10-11, 14; base loaded, 33; map, 32; pulverized coal fired, 2, 9- 10, 12, 28-31; stoker-fired, 1-2, 9, 27; 285 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Page 1 and 2:
Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
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This book is dedicated to all the i
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Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
Page 7 and 8:
Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
Page 9 and 10:
Chapter 1 Background and History o
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The United States is the world's se
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are currently installed on about 25
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problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
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Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
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for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
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Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
Page 23 and 24:
Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
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for air entraining admixtures, maki
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Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
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Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
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Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
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Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
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The following coal fired power plan
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All bottom ash is removed as necess
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ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
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Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
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that distribute and test fly ash to
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Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
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However, some engineering propertie
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----------------------------U.S. ST
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Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
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Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
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Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
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alumina in the pozzolan may also re
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Dunstan summarized his work in term
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The level of shrinkage strains depe
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strength tests were performed at va
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Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
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Other important observations from t
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Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
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300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
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Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
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The final setting time for 5000 psi
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Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
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Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
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Abrasion resistance tests were perf
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Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
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4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
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Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
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12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
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Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
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Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
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Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
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Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
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Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
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Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
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Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
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6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
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Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
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Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
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Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
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Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
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Summary Based on the data recorded
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3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
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mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
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Testing Program The testing program
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Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
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Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
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Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
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Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
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Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
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fly ash by weight of total cementit
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Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
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Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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and corresponding compressive stren
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conductivity tests were conducted u
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It can be concluded from this resea
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Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
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(4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
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Mechanical Properties The compressi
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Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
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Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
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WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
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material for foundations, changing
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Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
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The report also evaluated frost sus
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Field Study Following the initial s
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Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
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Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
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Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
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Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
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We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
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The coal combustion materials landf
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The only other compounds detected t
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affect combustion. The resulting fl
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Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
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Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
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Using the back-calculated SN values
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Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
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unconfined compressive strength of
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Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
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The green density of the aluminum f
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Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
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Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
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Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
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judgment is required for new applic
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Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
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Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
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The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
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General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
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* Use Property Owner Notification -
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Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
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the air slide inlet was set at 538
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equired removal temperatures of 813
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Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
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Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
Page 241 and 242: Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
Page 243 and 244: 3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
Page 245 and 246: C. Provide adequate number of units
Page 247 and 248: B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
Page 249 and 250: show the strength of masonry strong
Page 251 and 252: 3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
Page 253 and 254: 3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
Page 255 and 256: 3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
Page 257 and 258: 11.5 Sample Specification for We En
Page 259 and 260: D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
Page 261 and 262: If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
Page 263 and 264: Chapter 12 References 1. American
Page 265 and 266: 33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
Page 267 and 268: 69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
Page 269 and 270: Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
Page 271 and 272: Personal Protective Equipment Speci
Page 273 and 274: FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
Page 275 and 276: Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
Page 277 and 278: annual number of curies of each of
Page 279 and 280: is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
Page 281 and 282: constructed with fly ash building m
Page 283 and 284: Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
Page 285 and 286: ‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
Page 287 and 288: Index AASHTO See American Associati
Page 289 and 290: Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
Page 291: Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
Page 295 and 296: Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
Page 297: About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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