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Table D.3: Physical properties & effective dose equivalent dose rate constants of PET Radionuclides (AAPM, 2006) Nuclide Half life Decay mode Positron max energy (MeV) Photon emission (keV) Photons/ decay Dose rate constant (μSvm 2 / MBqh) 11 C 20.4 min ß + 0.96 511 2.00 0.148 13 N 10.0 min ß + 1.19 511 2.00 0.148 15 O 2.0 min ß + 1.72 511 2.00 0.148 18 F 109.8 min ß + , EC 0.63 511 1.93 0.143 64 Cu 12.7 h ß - ,ß + , EC 0.65 511, 1346 0.38, 0.005 0.029 68 Ga 68.3 min ß + , EC 1.9 511 1.84 0.134 82 Rb 76 s ß + , EC 3.35 511, 776 1.90, 0.13 0.159 124 I 4.2 d ß + , EC 1.54, 2.17 511, 603, 1693 0.5, 0.62, 0.3 0.185 Table D.4: Broadbeam transmission factors at 511 keV in lead, concrete (Based on AAPM, 2006) Transmission factors Thickness (mm lead/cm concrete) Lead Concrete 0 1.0000 1.0000 1 0.8912 0.9583 2 0.7873 0.9088 3 0.6905 0.8519 4 0.6021 0.7889 5 0.5227 0.7218 6 0.4522 0.6528 7 0.3903 0.5842 8 0.3362 0.5180 9 0.2892 0.4558 10 0.2485 0.3987 12 0.1831 0.3008 14 0.1347 0.2243 16 0.0990 0.1662 18 0.0728 0.1227 20 0.0535 0.0904 25 0.0247 0.0419 30 0.0114 0.0194 40 0.0024 0.0042 50 0.0005 0.0009 98 The Design of Diagnostic Medical Facilities where Ionising Radiation is used
Figure D.1: Broadbeam transmission at 511 keV as a function of lead thickness 1.0000 Lead 0.1000 Transmission 0.0100 0.0010 0.0001 0 10 20 30 40 50 Thickness (mm) (Reproduced from AAPM, 2006) Figure D.2: Broadbeam transmission at 511 keV as a function of concrete thickness 1.0000 Concrete 0.1000 Transmission 0.0100 0.0010 0.0001 0 10 20 30 40 50 Thickness (cm) (Reproduced from AAPM, 2006) The Design of Diagnostic Medical Facilities where Ionising Radiation is used 99
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RPII 09/01 The Design of Diagnostic
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Foreword The original Code of Pract
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4. Nuclear medicine 35 4.1 Introduc
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1. Legal and administrative framewo
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e made as soon as possible. It shou
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It should be noted that it is the u
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Records should be kept as they will
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2. Identify the persons (staff and
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3.1.3 Computed Tomography (CT) CT a
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Photo 3.2: Interventional X‐ray r
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3.3 Radiography rooms 3.3.1 General
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X Figure 3.2: Dedicated chest room
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Figure 3.4: DXA room Operator’s c
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Figure 3.5b: A dental radiography s
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Radiation shielding calculations fo
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There are large variations in the s
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e assessed by the RPA as part of th
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The trailer must be sited in an are
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It is recognised worldwide that the
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The operator console should be loca
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Figure 4.3: A possible layout for a
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The workstation should be adequatel
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uptake probe and associated equipme
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The layout of the department should
Page 50 and 51: The control/console room should pro
Page 52 and 53: 5. Shielding calculations 5.1 Gener
Page 54 and 55: Table 5.2: Suggested minimum distan
Page 56 and 57: Table 5.4: Workload data from NCRP
Page 58 and 59: 5.2.4 Primary radiation A barrier i
Page 60 and 61: The primary beam will be attenuated
Page 62 and 63: 1 χ = ln αγ B −γ 1+ + β α
Page 64 and 65: . The reduction in the dose rate fr
Page 66 and 67: R D(t) = . t D(0) × t Equation 5.8
Page 68 and 69: 5.3.1 Radiology shielding calculati
Page 70 and 71: Example 2: Dedicated chest room (BI
Page 72 and 73: Example 4: Dental X‐ray room (BIR
Page 74 and 75: Example 6: Shielding required for a
Page 76 and 77: 6. Some practical considerations 6.
Page 78 and 79: 6.1.4 Brick There are many types of
Page 80 and 81: Walls are generally shielded to ful
Page 82 and 83: 6.3.3 Doors As illustrated in Chapt
Page 84 and 85: Photo 6.4 Lead blinds protecting wi
Page 86 and 87: Chapter 2). It is becoming common t
Page 88 and 89: Gaps in shielding are more likely t
Page 90 and 91: ICRP. 2007. Recommendations of the
Page 92 and 93: Appendices Appendix A: Dose limits
Page 94 and 95: Appendix C: Radiation transmission
Page 96 and 97: Figure C.1: Transmission of primary
Page 98 and 99: Figure C.5: 2 mm lead equivalent th
Page 102 and 103: Appendix E: Schematic diagrams of r
Page 104 and 105: Figure E.7: Shielding around the ed
Page 106 and 107: Figure F. 3: Sample radiation warni
Page 108 and 109: Notes 106 The Design of Diagnostic
Page 110: Notes 108 The Design of Diagnostic
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