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Appendices Appendix A: Dose limits The Dose Limits prescribed in Schedule 2 of S.I. No. 125 of 2000 are reproduced in Table A.1 below. Effective and Equivalent Limits are provided for occupationally exposed workers, pregnant workers, apprentices and members of the public who are not occupationally exposed. The latter group include, for example, hospital staff that are not designated as radiation workers. This would include administrative staff and non-radiological nursing and medical staff. Table A.1: Dose Limits for categories of workers and all others, reproduced from S.I. No. 125 of 2000 Exposed Workers 1 (including Apprentices and Students aged 18 years or over) Dose to the foetus of a pregnant worker Effective dose limit 20 mSv in a period of 12 months. 1 mSv after declaration of pregnancy. Equivalent dose limits (in a period of 12 months) Lens of the eye: 150 mSv Skin (averaged over an area of 1 cm 2 ): 500 mSv Hands, forearm, feet and ankles: 500 mSv Apprentices and Students aged 16 years or more but less than 18 years Members of the Public (Including apprentices and students under the age of 16) 6 mSv in a period of 12 months. Lens of the eye: 50 mSv Skin (averaged over an area of 1 cm 2 ): 150 mSv Hands, forearm, feet and ankles: 150 mSv 1 mSv in a period of 12 months. Lens of the eye: 15 mSv Skin (averaged over an area of 1 cm 2 ): 50 mSv 1 An exposed worker is any person, either self employed or working for an employer, who is liable to receive an exposure resulting in a dose which exceeds one or more of the dose limits for a member of the public. 90 The Design of Diagnostic Medical Facilities where Ionising Radiation is used
Appendix B: Risk assessment for design and construction of a new medical facility where ionising radiation is used Table B.1: Risk assessment for design and construction of ionising radiation facilities Hazard Persons at risk Method of reducing risk from hazard Risk Target radiation level breached as a result of a inadequate boundary shielding. In addition to radiation hazard, this may give rise to: • Potential litigation costs resulting from radiation risk. Patients being treated in adjacent areas. Members of the public frequenting adjacent areas. Set up interdisciplinary project team to manage radiation protection for new installations. Use only qualified, professionally accredited staff to input to all stages of shielding assessment process. Low • Loss of professional & institutional reputations because of radiation risk posed to patients/staff/public. • Loss of staff morale due to worry over radiation risks. Hospital and non-hospital staff working in adjacent areas. Keep accurate workload records for each installation/clinical area. For new or changing technologies ask RPA to make quantitative estimation of dose to adjacent areas and required boundary attenuation. • Cost of building works to retrofit shielding. • Interruption to clinical services during building works. Get signed advice from RPA regarding shielding requirements for each boundary of installation. Simplify shielding advice wherever possible – e.g. 2 mm lead for all boundaries. Review standard practise re shielding of similar installations. Use only accredited architects, builders, fitters, etc. to design facility, supply materials and construct building. Quality management of building projects. Spot checks of boundary shielding when building works are complete. Keep accurate records of shielding advice and boundary construction details. Boundary shielding higher than required (e.g. ICU where 2 mm lead installed when no shielding actually required; CT room – 4 mm lead installed when 3 mm sufficient) which may result in: • Increase in cost of shielding works. No person receives radiation risk. As above plus: Ensure project team has sufficient knowledge of architectural design and building costs for various levels of shielding. High • Delay in opening rooms. The Design of Diagnostic Medical Facilities where Ionising Radiation is used 91
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RPII 09/01 The Design of Diagnostic
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Foreword The original Code of Pract
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4. Nuclear medicine 35 4.1 Introduc
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1. Legal and administrative framewo
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e made as soon as possible. It shou
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It should be noted that it is the u
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Records should be kept as they will
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2. Identify the persons (staff and
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3.1.3 Computed Tomography (CT) CT a
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Photo 3.2: Interventional X‐ray r
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3.3 Radiography rooms 3.3.1 General
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X Figure 3.2: Dedicated chest room
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Figure 3.4: DXA room Operator’s c
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Figure 3.5b: A dental radiography s
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Radiation shielding calculations fo
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There are large variations in the s
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e assessed by the RPA as part of th
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The trailer must be sited in an are
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It is recognised worldwide that the
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The operator console should be loca
Page 42 and 43: Figure 4.3: A possible layout for a
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Page 46 and 47: uptake probe and associated equipme
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Page 52 and 53: 5. Shielding calculations 5.1 Gener
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Page 56 and 57: Table 5.4: Workload data from NCRP
Page 58 and 59: 5.2.4 Primary radiation A barrier i
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Page 62 and 63: 1 χ = ln αγ B −γ 1+ + β α
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Page 66 and 67: R D(t) = . t D(0) × t Equation 5.8
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Page 70 and 71: Example 2: Dedicated chest room (BI
Page 72 and 73: Example 4: Dental X‐ray room (BIR
Page 74 and 75: Example 6: Shielding required for a
Page 76 and 77: 6. Some practical considerations 6.
Page 78 and 79: 6.1.4 Brick There are many types of
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Page 82 and 83: 6.3.3 Doors As illustrated in Chapt
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Page 90 and 91: ICRP. 2007. Recommendations of the
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Page 96 and 97: Figure C.1: Transmission of primary
Page 98 and 99: Figure C.5: 2 mm lead equivalent th
Page 100 and 101: Table D.3: Physical properties & ef
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Page 104 and 105: Figure E.7: Shielding around the ed
Page 106 and 107: Figure F. 3: Sample radiation warni
Page 108 and 109: Notes 106 The Design of Diagnostic
Page 110: Notes 108 The Design of Diagnostic
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