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Appendix C: Radiation transmission data for various energies and materials Attenuation and thickness values for all materials apart from barium plaster and brick were computed from data published by Simpkin (1995); for barium plaster and brick, thickness values were computed from data published by Williams and Sutton (2005) and by BIR (2000) respectively. Table C.1: Transmission through lead at 75 kVp, and lead equivalent thickness for various materials Lead thickness (mm) Transmission at 75 kVp Steel (mm) Barium plaster (mm) Concrete (2350kg/m 3 ) (mm) Brick (Oxford clay, 1650kg/m 3 ) (mm) Plate Glass (mm) Gypsum (mm) Wood (mm) 1.0 6.9E-4 7 11 88 123 102 263 879 1.32 1.5E-4 10 14 117 157 131 446 1340 (Code 3) 1.8 1.6E-5 13 19 162 207 173 446 1340 (Code 4) 2.0 6.1E-6 15 21 181 228 191 491 1454 2.24 2.0E-6 17 23 205 253 212 545 1591 (Code 5) 2.65 2.9E-7 20 27 244 295 248 638 1824 (Code 6) 3.0 5.8E-8 23 31 278 332 279 717 2024 3.15 2.9E-8 24 32.4 293 344 292 751 2109 (Code 7) 3.55 4.4E-9 27 36.6 332 385 328 841 2336 (Code 8) 4.0 5.4E-10 31 41 375 435 367 943 2592 Table C.1 applies to both primary and secondary radiation. Table C.2: Transmission through 2 mm lead at different kVp values, and 2 mm lead equivalent thickness for various materials. kVp Transmission through 2 mm lead Steel (mm) Barium plaster (mm) Concrete (2350kg/m 3 ) (mm) Brick (Oxford clay, 1650kg/m 3 ) (mm) Plate Glass (mm) Gypsum (mm) Wood (mm) 30 1.4E-36 11 - 244 - 254 639 3642 50 2.0E-10 11 42 197 222 208 517 2065 75 6.1E-6 15 21 181 228 191 491 1454 100 5.2E-4 14 21 129 184 149 414 1034 primary 125 8.1E-4 21 31 158 217 168 491 1107 primary 150 primary 9.4E-4 30 35 188 - 189 567 1196 92 The Design of Diagnostic Medical Facilities where Ionising Radiation is used
It should be noted that below 100 kVp, transmission is similar for both primary and secondary radiation. Table C.3 provides values for secondary radiation transmission through concrete for 100‐150 kVp. Table C.3: Transmission and lead equivalent thickness of concrete (2350 kg/m 3 ) for secondary radiation 100–150 kVp. 100 kVp 125 kVp 150 kVp Lead (mm) Transmission Concrete (mm) Transmission Concrete (mm) Transmission Concrete (mm) 2.0 7.8E-4 128 1.5E-3 142 2.8E-3 157 2.24 (Code 5) 2.65 (Code 6) 4.3E-4 143 8.7E-4 157 1.8E-3 171 1.5E-4 168 3.4E-4 192 8.1E-4 186 3.0 6.3E-5 190 1.6E-4 204 4.2E-4 216 3.15 (Code 7) 3.55 (Code 8) 4.3E-5 199 1.1E-4 213 3.2E-4 224 1.6E-5 225 4.6E-5 238 1.5E-4 247 4.0 5.1E-6 253 1.7E-5 265 6.7E-5 272 Table C.4: Lead equivalent thickness for standard size concrete blocks (density 2350 kg/m 3 ) Lead thickness (mm) Concrete thickness (mm) Primary and Secondary Primary Secondary kVp: 30 50 75 100 125 150 100 125 150 100 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.5 1.2 0.9 1.5 1.3 1.1 215 1.8 2.2 2.3 3.4 2.9 2.4 3.4 3.2 3 The Design of Diagnostic Medical Facilities where Ionising Radiation is used 93
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RPII 09/01 The Design of Diagnostic
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Foreword The original Code of Pract
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4. Nuclear medicine 35 4.1 Introduc
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1. Legal and administrative framewo
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e made as soon as possible. It shou
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It should be noted that it is the u
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Records should be kept as they will
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2. Identify the persons (staff and
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3.1.3 Computed Tomography (CT) CT a
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Photo 3.2: Interventional X‐ray r
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3.3 Radiography rooms 3.3.1 General
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X Figure 3.2: Dedicated chest room
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Figure 3.4: DXA room Operator’s c
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Figure 3.5b: A dental radiography s
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Radiation shielding calculations fo
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There are large variations in the s
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e assessed by the RPA as part of th
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The trailer must be sited in an are
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It is recognised worldwide that the
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The operator console should be loca
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Figure 4.3: A possible layout for a
Page 44 and 45: The workstation should be adequatel
Page 46 and 47: uptake probe and associated equipme
Page 48 and 49: The layout of the department should
Page 50 and 51: The control/console room should pro
Page 52 and 53: 5. Shielding calculations 5.1 Gener
Page 54 and 55: Table 5.2: Suggested minimum distan
Page 56 and 57: Table 5.4: Workload data from NCRP
Page 58 and 59: 5.2.4 Primary radiation A barrier i
Page 60 and 61: The primary beam will be attenuated
Page 62 and 63: 1 χ = ln αγ B −γ 1+ + β α
Page 64 and 65: . The reduction in the dose rate fr
Page 66 and 67: R D(t) = . t D(0) × t Equation 5.8
Page 68 and 69: 5.3.1 Radiology shielding calculati
Page 70 and 71: Example 2: Dedicated chest room (BI
Page 72 and 73: Example 4: Dental X‐ray room (BIR
Page 74 and 75: Example 6: Shielding required for a
Page 76 and 77: 6. Some practical considerations 6.
Page 78 and 79: 6.1.4 Brick There are many types of
Page 80 and 81: Walls are generally shielded to ful
Page 82 and 83: 6.3.3 Doors As illustrated in Chapt
Page 84 and 85: Photo 6.4 Lead blinds protecting wi
Page 86 and 87: Chapter 2). It is becoming common t
Page 88 and 89: Gaps in shielding are more likely t
Page 90 and 91: ICRP. 2007. Recommendations of the
Page 92 and 93: Appendices Appendix A: Dose limits
Page 96 and 97: Figure C.1: Transmission of primary
Page 98 and 99: Figure C.5: 2 mm lead equivalent th
Page 100 and 101: Table D.3: Physical properties & ef
Page 102 and 103: Appendix E: Schematic diagrams of r
Page 104 and 105: Figure E.7: Shielding around the ed
Page 106 and 107: Figure F. 3: Sample radiation warni
Page 108 and 109: Notes 106 The Design of Diagnostic
Page 110: Notes 108 The Design of Diagnostic
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