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Gaps in shielding are more likely to occur where different forms of shielding meet. Typical problems encountered are: • There may not be sufficient overlap between walls and shielded doorframes/window frames. Similarly there may not be sufficient overlap between shielded doors and doorframes or windows and window frames. • The integrity of the joints between lead sheets may not be sufficient. • Where sockets, switches, plumbing, or ducting, etc. breach the shielding, these areas may not be adequately protected. • Joints between ceilings and walls may not be adequately shielded. • Panels, where the lead lining does not extend the full length of the panel, may be installed incorrectly (Section 6.3.1). These problems can be detected by checking boundary transmission at the appropriate places. 86 The Design of Diagnostic Medical Facilities where Ionising Radiation is used
References Anderson J., Mathews D., 2002. Site Planning and Radiation Safety in the PET Facility, Paper presented at 44th AAPM Meeting held in Montreal, 2002. AAPM, 2006. American Association of Physicists in Medicine, AAPM Task Group 108: PET and PET/CT Shielding Requirements. Med. Phys. 33, 1, 2006. BIR, 2000. Radiation Shielding for Diagnostic X‐rays, Report of a joint BIR/IPEM working party. Edited by D.G. Sutton and J.R. Williams. London: British Institute of Radiology. BSI, 2006. BS EN 12588:2006. Lead and Lead Alloys. Rolled Lead Sheet for Building Purposes. BSI British Standards. Delacroix, D., Guerre, J.P., Leblanc, P., Hickman, C., 2002 Radionuclide and Radiation Protection Data Handbook, 2002, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 98 (1), 2002. DH, 2007. Department of Health, UK, Medicines Management : Health Building Note 14-01: Pharmacy and Radiopharmacy facilities. London: The Stationery Office 2007. EANM, 2007. Guidelines on Current Good Radiopharmacy Practice (cGRPP) in the Preparation of Radiopharmaceuticals. European Association of Nuclear Medicine, Version 2, March 2007. EC, 1996a. Council Directive 96/29/Euratom of 13 May laying down basic safety standards for the protection of the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionising radiation. Official Journal of the European Communities, L159, 29/6/1996, p. 1-114. EC, 1996b. European Guidelines on Quality Criteria for Diagnostic Radiographic Images, EUR 16260. Luxembourg: European Commission. EC, 1997. Council Directive 97/43/Euratom on the health protection of individuals against the dangers of ionising radiation in relation to medical exposures. Official Journal of the European Communities, L180, 09/07/1997, p. 22-27. EC, 2003. Eudralex Guidelines, Volume 4 – Medicinal Products for Human & Veterinary Use: Good Manufacturing Practice, Chapter 3 & Annex 3, Luxembourg: European Commission. Health Canada, 1999. X‐ray Equipment in Medical Diagnosis, Safety Code 20A, revised 1999. Minister of Public Works and Government Services, Canada. ICRP, 1977. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 26. Annals of the ICRP, 1 (3). ICRP, 1991. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 60. Annals of the ICRP, 21, (1-3). The Design of Diagnostic Medical Facilities where Ionising Radiation is used 87
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RPII 09/01 The Design of Diagnostic
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Foreword The original Code of Pract
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4. Nuclear medicine 35 4.1 Introduc
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1. Legal and administrative framewo
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e made as soon as possible. It shou
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It should be noted that it is the u
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Records should be kept as they will
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2. Identify the persons (staff and
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3.1.3 Computed Tomography (CT) CT a
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Photo 3.2: Interventional X‐ray r
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3.3 Radiography rooms 3.3.1 General
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X Figure 3.2: Dedicated chest room
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Figure 3.4: DXA room Operator’s c
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Figure 3.5b: A dental radiography s
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Radiation shielding calculations fo
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There are large variations in the s
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e assessed by the RPA as part of th
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The trailer must be sited in an are
Page 38 and 39: It is recognised worldwide that the
Page 40 and 41: The operator console should be loca
Page 42 and 43: Figure 4.3: A possible layout for a
Page 44 and 45: The workstation should be adequatel
Page 46 and 47: uptake probe and associated equipme
Page 48 and 49: The layout of the department should
Page 50 and 51: The control/console room should pro
Page 52 and 53: 5. Shielding calculations 5.1 Gener
Page 54 and 55: Table 5.2: Suggested minimum distan
Page 56 and 57: Table 5.4: Workload data from NCRP
Page 58 and 59: 5.2.4 Primary radiation A barrier i
Page 60 and 61: The primary beam will be attenuated
Page 62 and 63: 1 χ = ln αγ B −γ 1+ + β α
Page 64 and 65: . The reduction in the dose rate fr
Page 66 and 67: R D(t) = . t D(0) × t Equation 5.8
Page 68 and 69: 5.3.1 Radiology shielding calculati
Page 70 and 71: Example 2: Dedicated chest room (BI
Page 72 and 73: Example 4: Dental X‐ray room (BIR
Page 74 and 75: Example 6: Shielding required for a
Page 76 and 77: 6. Some practical considerations 6.
Page 78 and 79: 6.1.4 Brick There are many types of
Page 80 and 81: Walls are generally shielded to ful
Page 82 and 83: 6.3.3 Doors As illustrated in Chapt
Page 84 and 85: Photo 6.4 Lead blinds protecting wi
Page 86 and 87: Chapter 2). It is becoming common t
Page 90 and 91: ICRP. 2007. Recommendations of the
Page 92 and 93: Appendices Appendix A: Dose limits
Page 94 and 95: Appendix C: Radiation transmission
Page 96 and 97: Figure C.1: Transmission of primary
Page 98 and 99: Figure C.5: 2 mm lead equivalent th
Page 100 and 101: Table D.3: Physical properties & ef
Page 102 and 103: Appendix E: Schematic diagrams of r
Page 104 and 105: Figure E.7: Shielding around the ed
Page 106 and 107: Figure F. 3: Sample radiation warni
Page 108 and 109: Notes 106 The Design of Diagnostic
Page 110: Notes 108 The Design of Diagnostic
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