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The layout of the department should be such that it facilitates patient movement through the various steps involved. The exit route for patients post scanning should be planned so that they leave the hospital promptly after their examination without passing through other departments or busy public areas, because of their residual radioactivity. If the PET scanner is to be located in or close to the nuclear medicine department, care must be taken to prevent radiation from PET patients after radionuclide administration interfering with other imaging equipment in the department. Care must also be taken to ensure that radiation from patients leaving the department following their scan does not interfere with sensitive equipment, including gamma cameras. An example of good layout is shown in Fig. 4.4. Grouping patient areas together reduces the need for shielding and reduces staff doses. Figure 4.4: A possible layout for a PET/CT facility Waiting area & reception Staff WC Uptake room 1 Patient WC Uptake room 3 Concrete nib Concrete nib Corridor Concrete nib Concrete nib Uptake room 2 Uptake room 4 Radionuclide dispensing area Radionuclide delivery latch Entrance Corridor Clean utility room Nurse/ consultation room Control room PET/CT scanner Concrete nib Server Patient change back Store Patient exit Dirty utility room Waste storage hold 4.6.3 Patient facilities Interview room/office Thorough patient preparation is an important element of successful PET imaging. An interview room or office where this can be done prior to attendance for scanning is required. This should be located such that patients attending should not have to pass through high activity areas. Waiting rooms The waiting area requirements for a PET facility are relatively modest because of the pattern of workflow. The waiting area is for patients and any accompanying persons prior to administration of the radiopharmaceutical and so special shielding is not required. Access to a patient WC should be provided in this area. 46 The Design of Diagnostic Medical Facilities where Ionising Radiation is used
Uptake rooms The number of injection/uptake rooms required per scanner is in the range 4-6. Because of the high exposure rate from the patient post injection, these areas will require high levels of shielding. Each room should accommodate a reclining patient chair, instrument trolley and shielded waste and sharps bins. The patient may also change into a hospital gown in this area. At least one of the uptake rooms should be able to accommodate a patient trolley. A hand-wash basin with elbow or sensor operated taps should be provided. Surfaces should be non-porous and easily cleaned and decontaminated. Privacy curtains, subdued lighting, and noise control should be provided (Anderson, 2004). Reliable climate control is essential both for patient comfort and to ensure optimal conditions for uptake. CCTV may be required for remote patient monitoring. The shielding requirements for uptake rooms are considerable and must be determined by the RPA. Use of concrete nibs (see Fig. 4.4 and Photo 4.1) can be effective in reducing the shielding requirements for the doors. A toilet dedicated for patient use should be provided nearby, so that the patient does not have to walk through the department to empty his/her bladder prior to scanning. Photo 4.1(a): Entrance to uptake room – nib on right Photo 4.1(b): Uptake area behind nib (Photographs courtesy of Mater Private Hospital, Dublin) Scanning rooms The minimum requirements for space in the scanning rooms should be obtained from the equipment vendor’s site planning documentation (Anderson, 2002). Typical dimensions are of the order of 30‐35 m 2 with an additional 10-15 m 2 for the control room/console area. Extra space provided within the scanning room may reduce shielding requirements due to the decreased exposure at the boundaries. Means of observing the patient and maintaining aural communication with them must be provided. Provision for an automatic injector may be required for PET/CT examinations. There are strict requirements for environmental control in the scanning rooms because of the sensitivity of the PET scanner to temperature variation. The Design of Diagnostic Medical Facilities where Ionising Radiation is used 47
Page 1: RPII 09/01 The Design of Diagnostic
Page 4 and 5: Foreword The original Code of Pract
Page 6 and 7: 4. Nuclear medicine 35 4.1 Introduc
Page 8 and 9: 1. Legal and administrative framewo
Page 10 and 11: e made as soon as possible. It shou
Page 12 and 13: It should be noted that it is the u
Page 14 and 15: Records should be kept as they will
Page 16 and 17: 2. Identify the persons (staff and
Page 18 and 19: 3.1.3 Computed Tomography (CT) CT a
Page 20 and 21: Photo 3.2: Interventional X‐ray r
Page 22 and 23: 3.3 Radiography rooms 3.3.1 General
Page 24 and 25: X Figure 3.2: Dedicated chest room
Page 26 and 27: Figure 3.4: DXA room Operator’s c
Page 28 and 29: Figure 3.5b: A dental radiography s
Page 30 and 31: Radiation shielding calculations fo
Page 32 and 33: There are large variations in the s
Page 34 and 35: e assessed by the RPA as part of th
Page 36 and 37: The trailer must be sited in an are
Page 38 and 39: It is recognised worldwide that the
Page 40 and 41: The operator console should be loca
Page 42 and 43: Figure 4.3: A possible layout for a
Page 44 and 45: The workstation should be adequatel
Page 46 and 47: uptake probe and associated equipme
Page 50 and 51: The control/console room should pro
Page 52 and 53: 5. Shielding calculations 5.1 Gener
Page 54 and 55: Table 5.2: Suggested minimum distan
Page 56 and 57: Table 5.4: Workload data from NCRP
Page 58 and 59: 5.2.4 Primary radiation A barrier i
Page 60 and 61: The primary beam will be attenuated
Page 62 and 63: 1 χ = ln αγ B −γ 1+ + β α
Page 64 and 65: . The reduction in the dose rate fr
Page 66 and 67: R D(t) = . t D(0) × t Equation 5.8
Page 68 and 69: 5.3.1 Radiology shielding calculati
Page 70 and 71: Example 2: Dedicated chest room (BI
Page 72 and 73: Example 4: Dental X‐ray room (BIR
Page 74 and 75: Example 6: Shielding required for a
Page 76 and 77: 6. Some practical considerations 6.
Page 78 and 79: 6.1.4 Brick There are many types of
Page 80 and 81: Walls are generally shielded to ful
Page 82 and 83: 6.3.3 Doors As illustrated in Chapt
Page 84 and 85: Photo 6.4 Lead blinds protecting wi
Page 86 and 87: Chapter 2). It is becoming common t
Page 88 and 89: Gaps in shielding are more likely t
Page 90 and 91: ICRP. 2007. Recommendations of the
Page 92 and 93: Appendices Appendix A: Dose limits
Page 94 and 95: Appendix C: Radiation transmission
Page 96 and 97: Figure C.1: Transmission of primary
Page 98 and 99:
Figure C.5: 2 mm lead equivalent th
Page 100 and 101:
Table D.3: Physical properties & ef
Page 102 and 103:
Appendix E: Schematic diagrams of r
Page 104 and 105:
Figure E.7: Shielding around the ed
Page 106 and 107:
Figure F. 3: Sample radiation warni
Page 108 and 109:
Notes 106 The Design of Diagnostic
Page 110:
Notes 108 The Design of Diagnostic
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