The Design of Diagnostic Medical Facilities where ... - ResearchGate

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Figure 3.5b: A dental radiography suite with several items of equipment Window Radiation warning light Room entrance Mains isolator switch Exposure handswitch Radiation barrier (protective viewing screen) Patient chair Intra-oral X-ray equipment Dental chair Panoramic X-ray equipment Surgery Surgery entrance A shielded operator’s console shown in Fig. 3.5b may be required depending on the workload. It is preferable that it is located within the room, especially if young children and special needs patients are involved. Due to the restricted size of many dental facilities, it may not be practical to install a protective operator screen. An alternative solution is to locate the exposure hand switch(es) outside the X‐ray room door and install a shielded lead glass viewing panel in the door. The hand switch(es) should be installed in a lockable box for security reasons and each switch clearly labelled to indicate the unit it operates. It is advisable not to have two or more control panels located close to one another. A screen of 1 mm lead equivalence will often suffice (NHS, 2002). However, this and the overall level of shielding must be determined in consultation with the RPA and will depend on the workload, room geometry and use/occupancy of adjoining areas. 26 The Design of Diagnostic Medical Facilities where Ionising Radiation is used
3.4. Fluoroscopy rooms 3.4.1 Fluoroscopy room (general) Figure 3.6: Fluoroscopy room used for general screening purposes Staff entrance Ceiling-suspended TV display monitor Patient table X Operator’s console area Radiation barrier (protective viewing screen) X-ray tube & image receptor Patient entrance A layout for a general-purpose fluoroscopy room based on the two-corridor design is shown in Fig. 3.6. The room has similar features to the general radiographic room described above in Section 3.3.1. However, the operator’s protective screen is longer as there may be more staff in the room for these procedures; a screen length of 2.5-3 m with a 1 m wing is typical, but this is dependent on the room size and use. Fluoroscopy systems may have overcouch or undercouch X‐ray tubes. Overcouch tubes will have higher levels of scattered radiation and are generally operated by remote control from behind the protective screen, and make heavy demands on this area. Fluoroscopy remote control units may require a larger control area and a smaller examination room area (NHS, 2001). Undercouch tube systems have lower levels of effective dose to staff from scatter, and are generally associated with more staff working in the room. There is generally an exposure control foot switch at the tableside – which should be guarded. There should be clear audible and visual indicators when the X‐ray beam is on, so as to avoid inadvertent staff or patient exposure. A ceiling-mounted TV display is normally located in the controlled area so that the operator can view live X‐ray images when working close to the patient. A combination of mobile shielding (e.g. ceiling mounted mobile lead screens, table mounted lead skirts) should be installed as part of the building or equipping project as appropriate. Suitable storage for personal protective equipment (lead aprons and thyroid collars, etc.) should be provided and easily accessed in the controlled area. There should be a direct access toilet for patients following examinations, particularly for rooms used for barium procedures. It is recommended that changing facilities are grouped close together. The Design of Diagnostic Medical Facilities where Ionising Radiation is used 27
Page 1: RPII 09/01 The Design of Diagnostic
Page 4 and 5: Foreword The original Code of Pract
Page 6 and 7: 4. Nuclear medicine 35 4.1 Introduc
Page 8 and 9: 1. Legal and administrative framewo
Page 10 and 11: e made as soon as possible. It shou
Page 12 and 13: It should be noted that it is the u
Page 14 and 15: Records should be kept as they will
Page 16 and 17: 2. Identify the persons (staff and
Page 18 and 19: 3.1.3 Computed Tomography (CT) CT a
Page 20 and 21: Photo 3.2: Interventional X‐ray r
Page 22 and 23: 3.3 Radiography rooms 3.3.1 General
Page 24 and 25: X Figure 3.2: Dedicated chest room
Page 26 and 27: Figure 3.4: DXA room Operator’s c
Page 30 and 31: Radiation shielding calculations fo
Page 32 and 33: There are large variations in the s
Page 34 and 35: e assessed by the RPA as part of th
Page 36 and 37: The trailer must be sited in an are
Page 38 and 39: It is recognised worldwide that the
Page 40 and 41: The operator console should be loca
Page 42 and 43: Figure 4.3: A possible layout for a
Page 44 and 45: The workstation should be adequatel
Page 46 and 47: uptake probe and associated equipme
Page 48 and 49: The layout of the department should
Page 50 and 51: The control/console room should pro
Page 52 and 53: 5. Shielding calculations 5.1 Gener
Page 54 and 55: Table 5.2: Suggested minimum distan
Page 56 and 57: Table 5.4: Workload data from NCRP
Page 58 and 59: 5.2.4 Primary radiation A barrier i
Page 60 and 61: The primary beam will be attenuated
Page 62 and 63: 1 χ = ln αγ B −γ 1+ + β α
Page 64 and 65: . The reduction in the dose rate fr
Page 66 and 67: R D(t) = . t D(0) × t Equation 5.8
Page 68 and 69: 5.3.1 Radiology shielding calculati
Page 70 and 71: Example 2: Dedicated chest room (BI
Page 72 and 73: Example 4: Dental X‐ray room (BIR
Page 74 and 75: Example 6: Shielding required for a
Page 76 and 77: 6. Some practical considerations 6.
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6.1.4 Brick There are many types of
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Walls are generally shielded to ful
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6.3.3 Doors As illustrated in Chapt
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Photo 6.4 Lead blinds protecting wi
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Chapter 2). It is becoming common t
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Gaps in shielding are more likely t
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ICRP. 2007. Recommendations of the
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Appendices Appendix A: Dose limits
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Appendix C: Radiation transmission
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Figure C.1: Transmission of primary
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Figure C.5: 2 mm lead equivalent th
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Table D.3: Physical properties & ef
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Appendix E: Schematic diagrams of r
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Figure E.7: Shielding around the ed
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Figure F. 3: Sample radiation warni
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Notes 106 The Design of Diagnostic
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Notes 108 The Design of Diagnostic
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