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Figure 3.4: DXA room Operator’s computer / DXA control area Patient table Radiation barrier (mobile viewing screen) X X-ray tube & detector Entrance door 3.3.5 Facilities for dental radiography (intra-oral and panoramic) Intra-oral X-ray equipment Intra-oral dental X‐ray equipment may be installed in a dedicated X‐ray room or in a surgery. In the latter situation the surgery may not be used for other purposes, or as a passageway, while a radiograph is in progress. The surgery accommodating the equipment must be designed in consultation with the RPA to provide a safe environment. A surgery containing an intra-oral X‐ray unit is shown in Fig. 3.5a. The primary beam in intra-oral radiography should always be intercepted by the patient. The equipment should be installed and used so that the useful beam is not directed towards wooden floors, unshielded doors or windows if the space immediately beyond them is occupied (RPII, 1996). The unit must be provided with a long cable for the exposure hand-switch or a separately located hand switch to allow the operator to stand at a distance greater than 2 m from the patient’s head/X‐ray tube. During a dental exposure, the area defined by all points within 2 m of the patient’s head is referred to as the controlled area. This is illustrated in Fig. 3.5a. The RPA should check that all boundaries (doors, windows, walls, etc.) within 2 m of the patient’s head during an X‐ray examination provide adequate shielding to meet with the design dose constraints (see Section 2.4). The RPA’s shielding assessment should take account of the projected workloads, distances to boundaries, beam directions, boundary materials and occupancy of adjoining areas, including above and below the surgery. No structural shielding is required in the surgery if the workload is 20 films per week or less and the distance between the patient and the wall or other boundary is at least 2 m (BIR, 2000). 24 The Design of Diagnostic Medical Facilities where Ionising Radiation is used
Where possible the operator exposure controls should be within the surgery but outside the controlled area. Where the operator exposure controls are located outside the room in a public area, they should be installed in a lockable box to prevent unintended exposures being made by an unauthorised person. Figure 3.5a: An intra-oral dental unit installed in a surgery Window Surgery Controlled area Office Intra-oral X-ray equipment Dental chair Mains isolator switch Exposure handswitch Surgery entrance Extra-oral X-ray equipment and combined equipment suites For new build, extra-oral X‐ray equipment must be located in a dedicated X‐ray room. An indicative area of 12 m 2 has been suggested for panoramic/orthopantomographic (OPG) units. A slightly larger area will comfortably accommodate the widely used combination of panoramic and intra-oral equipment (Fig 3.5b). The Design of Diagnostic Medical Facilities where Ionising Radiation is used 25
Page 1: RPII 09/01 The Design of Diagnostic
Page 4 and 5: Foreword The original Code of Pract
Page 6 and 7: 4. Nuclear medicine 35 4.1 Introduc
Page 8 and 9: 1. Legal and administrative framewo
Page 10 and 11: e made as soon as possible. It shou
Page 12 and 13: It should be noted that it is the u
Page 14 and 15: Records should be kept as they will
Page 16 and 17: 2. Identify the persons (staff and
Page 18 and 19: 3.1.3 Computed Tomography (CT) CT a
Page 20 and 21: Photo 3.2: Interventional X‐ray r
Page 22 and 23: 3.3 Radiography rooms 3.3.1 General
Page 24 and 25: X Figure 3.2: Dedicated chest room
Page 28 and 29: Figure 3.5b: A dental radiography s
Page 30 and 31: Radiation shielding calculations fo
Page 32 and 33: There are large variations in the s
Page 34 and 35: e assessed by the RPA as part of th
Page 36 and 37: The trailer must be sited in an are
Page 38 and 39: It is recognised worldwide that the
Page 40 and 41: The operator console should be loca
Page 42 and 43: Figure 4.3: A possible layout for a
Page 44 and 45: The workstation should be adequatel
Page 46 and 47: uptake probe and associated equipme
Page 48 and 49: The layout of the department should
Page 50 and 51: The control/console room should pro
Page 52 and 53: 5. Shielding calculations 5.1 Gener
Page 54 and 55: Table 5.2: Suggested minimum distan
Page 56 and 57: Table 5.4: Workload data from NCRP
Page 58 and 59: 5.2.4 Primary radiation A barrier i
Page 60 and 61: The primary beam will be attenuated
Page 62 and 63: 1 χ = ln αγ B −γ 1+ + β α
Page 64 and 65: . The reduction in the dose rate fr
Page 66 and 67: R D(t) = . t D(0) × t Equation 5.8
Page 68 and 69: 5.3.1 Radiology shielding calculati
Page 70 and 71: Example 2: Dedicated chest room (BI
Page 72 and 73: Example 4: Dental X‐ray room (BIR
Page 74 and 75: Example 6: Shielding required for a
Page 76 and 77:
6. Some practical considerations 6.
Page 78 and 79:
6.1.4 Brick There are many types of
Page 80 and 81:
Walls are generally shielded to ful
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6.3.3 Doors As illustrated in Chapt
Page 84 and 85:
Photo 6.4 Lead blinds protecting wi
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Chapter 2). It is becoming common t
Page 88 and 89:
Gaps in shielding are more likely t
Page 90 and 91:
ICRP. 2007. Recommendations of the
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Appendices Appendix A: Dose limits
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Appendix C: Radiation transmission
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Figure C.1: Transmission of primary
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Figure C.5: 2 mm lead equivalent th
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Table D.3: Physical properties & ef
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Appendix E: Schematic diagrams of r
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Figure E.7: Shielding around the ed
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Figure F. 3: Sample radiation warni
Page 108 and 109:
Notes 106 The Design of Diagnostic
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Notes 108 The Design of Diagnostic
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