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X Figure 3.2: Dedicated chest room Staff entrance Chest stand and beam blocker Operator’s console area X-ray tube Radiation barrier (protective viewing screen) Patient entrance 3.3.3 Mammography room A layout for a Mammography room is shown in Fig. 3.3. Mammography rooms may be smaller in size than other X‐ray rooms, and the shielding requirements are less due to the low X‐ray energy used. Because of this, normal building materials such as gypsum wallboard may provide sufficient attenuation (Section 6.1.5). However, if this approach is used, it is important to remember that in the event of a change of use of the room to some other radiological purpose complete re-shielding may be required. When assessing shielding requirements, only scattered radiation needs to be considered as mammography equipment is generally designed so that all of the primary beam will be intercepted by the image receptor. When laying out the room, a practical shielding solution may be to position the equipment so that the door to the room will be in the wall behind the patient, as virtually all of the radiation will be absorbed by the patient (BIR, 2000). This arrangement also facilitates privacy. 22 The Design of Diagnostic Medical Facilities where Ionising Radiation is used
Figure 3.3: Mammography X-ray room Mammography unit (tube and detector) Patient entrance Radiation barrier (protective viewing screen) Operator’s console area Staff entrance 3.3.4 Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) room DXA (or DEXA) rooms are often located outside of the radiology department, e.g. in the outpatient or medicine for the elderly facilities of a hospital, in a G.P. surgery or sports medicine clinic. A room size of 15-20 m 2 may be required, depending on the design of the equipment. If limited space is available, 10 m 2 may suffice for a compact pencil beam DXA system. (NHS, 2002). An example of a DXA room layout is shown in Fig. 3.4. The patient table is normally located close to a wall to maximise the functional space in the room. When this is so, the wall closest to the table may need to be shielded, and the RPA should advise on this. A protective shield for the operator’s console may be required, depending on design of scanner, room size and workload, but the protective shield need not be as heavily attenuating as that in a general X‐ray room. Where more space is available, the table should be placed so as to maximise distance to the important boundaries from a shielding point of view. Where the walls are 2 m or more from the DXA scanner (1 m will suffice for pencil beam scanners), shielding is unlikely to be required for workloads of up to 100 cases per week, however the RPA should always be consulted. Shielding requirements for ceilings and floors depends on the factors mentioned above and whether the system uses an over or under-couch X‐ray tube. The Design of Diagnostic Medical Facilities where Ionising Radiation is used 23
Page 1: RPII 09/01 The Design of Diagnostic
Page 4 and 5: Foreword The original Code of Pract
Page 6 and 7: 4. Nuclear medicine 35 4.1 Introduc
Page 8 and 9: 1. Legal and administrative framewo
Page 10 and 11: e made as soon as possible. It shou
Page 12 and 13: It should be noted that it is the u
Page 14 and 15: Records should be kept as they will
Page 16 and 17: 2. Identify the persons (staff and
Page 18 and 19: 3.1.3 Computed Tomography (CT) CT a
Page 20 and 21: Photo 3.2: Interventional X‐ray r
Page 22 and 23: 3.3 Radiography rooms 3.3.1 General
Page 26 and 27: Figure 3.4: DXA room Operator’s c
Page 28 and 29: Figure 3.5b: A dental radiography s
Page 30 and 31: Radiation shielding calculations fo
Page 32 and 33: There are large variations in the s
Page 34 and 35: e assessed by the RPA as part of th
Page 36 and 37: The trailer must be sited in an are
Page 38 and 39: It is recognised worldwide that the
Page 40 and 41: The operator console should be loca
Page 42 and 43: Figure 4.3: A possible layout for a
Page 44 and 45: The workstation should be adequatel
Page 46 and 47: uptake probe and associated equipme
Page 48 and 49: The layout of the department should
Page 50 and 51: The control/console room should pro
Page 52 and 53: 5. Shielding calculations 5.1 Gener
Page 54 and 55: Table 5.2: Suggested minimum distan
Page 56 and 57: Table 5.4: Workload data from NCRP
Page 58 and 59: 5.2.4 Primary radiation A barrier i
Page 60 and 61: The primary beam will be attenuated
Page 62 and 63: 1 χ = ln αγ B −γ 1+ + β α
Page 64 and 65: . The reduction in the dose rate fr
Page 66 and 67: R D(t) = . t D(0) × t Equation 5.8
Page 68 and 69: 5.3.1 Radiology shielding calculati
Page 70 and 71: Example 2: Dedicated chest room (BI
Page 72 and 73: Example 4: Dental X‐ray room (BIR
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Example 6: Shielding required for a
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6. Some practical considerations 6.
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6.1.4 Brick There are many types of
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Walls are generally shielded to ful
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6.3.3 Doors As illustrated in Chapt
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Photo 6.4 Lead blinds protecting wi
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Chapter 2). It is becoming common t
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Gaps in shielding are more likely t
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ICRP. 2007. Recommendations of the
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Appendices Appendix A: Dose limits
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Appendix C: Radiation transmission
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Figure C.1: Transmission of primary
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Figure C.5: 2 mm lead equivalent th
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Table D.3: Physical properties & ef
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Appendix E: Schematic diagrams of r
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Figure E.7: Shielding around the ed
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Figure F. 3: Sample radiation warni
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Notes 106 The Design of Diagnostic
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Notes 108 The Design of Diagnostic
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