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It is recognised worldwide that the security of radioactive materials is very important and that the design of facilities where these sources are used and stored must cater for the implementation of good security measures. Although the quantities used in diagnostic nuclear medicine are for the most part relatively low, the perceived threat that might arise should they be lost, damaged or stolen is more problematic than the hazard they present. Therefore, security of sealed and unsealed materials and radioactive waste must be assured. To achieve this, the department should be designed with restricted access to all controlled areas using the system of access restriction employed by the hospital. These areas also require an appropriate level of fire and intruder alarms. Where appropriate, the design team should consider obtaining professional advice on these security issues. Figure 4.1: A possible layout of a nuclear medicine department Patient toilet Patient toilet In-vitro counting & uptake Gamma camera room Operator console Gamma camera room Data processing Staff toilet Corridor Step-over barrier Waiting area Cardiac stress test room Injection room Hatch Radiopharmacy /hot lab Hatch Lobby Radionuclide storage area Waste store Storage area 4.1.2 Overview of facilities and layout Within the nuclear medicine department, the following facilities must be provided: a radionuclide reception and storage area, a radiopharmacy, patient waiting area, injection area, gamma camera (scanning) room(s), patients WC and waste store. Other facilities that should be considered are a reception area, office/reporting facilities, cardiac stress, uptake assessment, in vitro sample counting and therapy administration areas. Storage areas for general consumables and collimators will also be required. Premises should preferably be laid out in such a way as to facilitate workflow. Areas should be connected in the sequence of the operations and patient flow, and to allow the required level of cleanliness. Separating patient and staff areas will assist in creating a suitable environment for patients as well as helping reduce contamination hazards. Ensuring areas are adequately sized will not only provide a pleasant environment for both staff and patients, but will also contribute to dose reduction strategies and may reduce the need for shielding. A possible layout is illustrated in Fig. 4.1. 36 The Design of Diagnostic Medical Facilities where Ionising Radiation is used
Within nuclear medicine, clear demarcation between areas is required to confine the use and storage of radioactive material to certain areas within the department. The need for transport of materials within the department should be minimised by the use of hatches, where appropriate, and the design and layout of the department should be such that the movement of unsealed isotopes is minimised. Access for delivery of isotopes to a secure storage area within or adjacent to the radiopharmacy should be provided. In addition, it may be necessary to receive and store radioactive waste from other areas within the hospital (e.g. theatre, laboratory, ward areas) and the route by which this will be achieved should be considered. The appropriate designation of areas such as the scanning room, injection room, patient WC, waiting area and the radiopharmacy (as controlled or supervised) should be determined by risk assessment and in consultation with the RPA. 4.2 Nuclear medicine facilities This section provides a review of the facilities required for diagnostic nuclear medicine. It does not include those required for therapy or PET related activities, which are treated in Sections 4.4 and 4.6. In the areas frequented by patients, surfaces should generally be non-porous and easily cleaned and decontaminated as described in Section 6.2. 4.2.1 Scanning room A nuclear medicine imaging unit will have one or more scanning rooms. The scanning room will house the gamma camera and the operator console. The size of the room should be sufficient to accommodate the particular type of scanner envisaged and allow for patient trolley access and collimator exchange (typically 35-40 m 2 ). Scanners with removable tables will need additional space for this facility. The room should be of a size that will accommodate the equipment in the preferred orientation, as illustrated in Fig 4.2. Figure 4.2: A possible layout of equipment in a gamma camera room Acquisition & HIS/RIS workstations Collimator carts Mobile lead screen Display monitor Wash-hand basin Gamma camera Patient entrance The Design of Diagnostic Medical Facilities where Ionising Radiation is used 37
Page 1: RPII 09/01 The Design of Diagnostic
Page 4 and 5: Foreword The original Code of Pract
Page 6 and 7: 4. Nuclear medicine 35 4.1 Introduc
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Page 16 and 17: 2. Identify the persons (staff and
Page 18 and 19: 3.1.3 Computed Tomography (CT) CT a
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Page 22 and 23: 3.3 Radiography rooms 3.3.1 General
Page 24 and 25: X Figure 3.2: Dedicated chest room
Page 26 and 27: Figure 3.4: DXA room Operator’s c
Page 28 and 29: Figure 3.5b: A dental radiography s
Page 30 and 31: Radiation shielding calculations fo
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Page 56 and 57: Table 5.4: Workload data from NCRP
Page 58 and 59: 5.2.4 Primary radiation A barrier i
Page 60 and 61: The primary beam will be attenuated
Page 62 and 63: 1 χ = ln αγ B −γ 1+ + β α
Page 64 and 65: . The reduction in the dose rate fr
Page 66 and 67: R D(t) = . t D(0) × t Equation 5.8
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Page 72 and 73: Example 4: Dental X‐ray room (BIR
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Page 76 and 77: 6. Some practical considerations 6.
Page 78 and 79: 6.1.4 Brick There are many types of
Page 80 and 81: Walls are generally shielded to ful
Page 82 and 83: 6.3.3 Doors As illustrated in Chapt
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Gaps in shielding are more likely t
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ICRP. 2007. Recommendations of the
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Appendices Appendix A: Dose limits
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Appendix C: Radiation transmission
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Figure C.1: Transmission of primary
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Figure C.5: 2 mm lead equivalent th
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Table D.3: Physical properties & ef
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Appendix E: Schematic diagrams of r
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Figure E.7: Shielding around the ed
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Figure F. 3: Sample radiation warni
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Notes 106 The Design of Diagnostic
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Notes 108 The Design of Diagnostic
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