Hand hygiene.pdf

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, Ill, American Society of Microbiology, 2001;abstr # K-1334. 76. Ray AJ et al. Nosocomial transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from surfaces. JAMA, 2002, 287:1400-1401. 77. Bhalla A et al. Acquisition of nosocomial pathogens on hands after contact with environmental surfaces near hospitalized patients. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2004, 25:164-167. 78. Scott E et al. The survival and transfer of microbial contamination via cloths, hands and utensils. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 1990, 68:271-278. 79. Bauer TM et al. An epidemiological study assessing the relative importance of airborne and direct contact transmission of microorganisms in a medical intensive care unit. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1990, 15:301-309. 80. Daschner FD. How cost-effective is the present use of antiseptics? Journal of Hospital Infection, 1988, 11 (Suppl. A):227-235. 81. Knittle MA et al. Role of hand contamination of personnel in the epidemiology of gram-negative nosocomial infections. Journal of Pediatrics, 1975, 86:433-437. 82. Ayliffe GAJ et al. Hand disinfection: a comparison of various agents in laboratory and ward studies. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1988, 11:226-243. 83. Strausbaugh LJ et al. High frequency of yeast carriage on hands of hospital personnel. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1994, 32:2299-2300. 84. Waters V et al. Molecular epidemiology of gram-negative bacilli from infected neonates and health care workers’ hands in neonatal intensive care units. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2004, 38:1682-7. 85. Tenorio AR et al. Effectiveness of gloves in the prevention of hand carriage of vancomycinresistant enterococcus species by health care workers after patient care. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2001, 32:826-829. 86. Musa EK et al. The survival of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus inoculated on fingertips and on formica. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1990, 15:219-27. 87. Fryklund B et al. Survival on skin and surfaces of epidemic and non-epidemic strains of enterobacteria from neonatal special care units. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1995, 29:201-8. 88. Noskin GA et al. Recovery of vancomycin-resistant enterococci on fingertips and environmental surfaces. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 1995, 16:577-81. 89. Doring G et al. Distribution and transmission of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia in a hospital ward. Pediatric Pulmonology Journal, 1996, 21:90-100. 90. Islam MS et al. Detection of non-culturable Shigella dysenteriae 1 from artificially contaminated volunteers’ fingers using fluorescent antibody and PCR techniques. Journal of Diarrhoeal Disease Research, 1997, 15:65-70. 91. Ansari SA et al. Rotavirus survival on human hands and transfer of infectious virus to animate and nonporous inanimate surfaces. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1988, 26:1513-1518. 92. Ansari SA et al. Potential role of hands in the spread of respiratory viral infections: studies with human parainfluenza virus 3 and rhinovirus 14. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1991, 29:2115-2119. 93. Larson EL et al. Quantity of soap as a variable in handwashing. Infection Control, 1987, 8:371-375. 94. Kac G et al. Microbiological evaluation of two hand hygiene procedures achieved by healthcare workers during routine patient care: a randomized study. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2005, 60:32-39. 95. Trick WE et al. Impact of ring wearing on hand contamination and comparison of hand hygiene agents in a hospital. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2003, 36:1383-1390. 96. McNeil SA et al. Effect of hand cleansing with antimicrobial soap or alcohol-based gel on microbial colonization of artificial fingernails worn by health care workers. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2001, 32:367-372. 97. Sala MR et al. An outbreak of food poisoning due to a genogroup I norovirus. Epidemiology of Infection, 2005, 133:187-91. 98. Harrison WA et al. Bacterial transfer and cross-contamination potential associated with paper-towel dispensing. American Journal of Infection Control, 2003, 31:387-391.
99. Barker J et al. Effects of cleaning and disinfection in reducing the spread of Norovirus contamination via environmental surfaces. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2004, 58:42-49. 100. Foca M et al. Endemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. New England Journal of Medicine, 2000, 343:695-700. 101. Sartor C et al. Nosocomial Serratia marcescens infections associated with extrinsic contamination of a liquid nonmedicated soap. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2000, 21:196-199. 102. Grohskopf LA et al. Serratia liquefaciens bloodstream infections from contamination of epoetin alfa at a hemodialysis center. New England Journal of Medicine, 2001, 344:1491-1497. 103. Duckro AN et al. Transfer of vancomycin-resistant enterococci via health care worker hands. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2005,165:302-307. 104. Boyce JM et al. A common-source outbreak of Staphylococcus epidermidis infections among patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1990, 161:493-499. 105. Zawacki A et al. An outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia and bloodstream infection associated with intermittent otitis externa in a healthcare worker. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2004, 25:1083-1089. 106. El Shafie SS et al. Investigation of an outbreak of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in trauma intensive care unit. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2004, 56:101-105. 107. Passaro DJ et al. Postoperative Serratia marcescens wound infections traced to an out-of-hospital source. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1997, 175:992-995. 108. Chang HJ et al. An epidemic of Malassezia pachydermatis in an intensive care nursery associated with colonization of health care workers’ pet dogs. New England Journal of Medicine, 1998, 338:706-711. 109. Mackintosh CA et al. An extended model for transfer of micro-organisms via the hands: differences between organisms and the effect of alcohol disinfection. Journal of Hygiene, 1984, 92:345-355. 110. Sattar SA et al. Transfer of bacteria from fabrics to hands and other fabrics: development and application of a quantitative method using Staphylococcus aureus as a model. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2001, 90:962-970. 111. Bonten MJ et al. Understanding the spread of antibiotic resistant pathogens in hospitals: mathematical models as tools for control. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2001, 33:1739-1746. 112. Sebille V et al. Modeling the spread of resistant nosocomial pathogens in an intensive-care unit. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 1997, 18:84-92. 113. Austin DJ et al. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci in intensive-care hospital settings: transmission dynamics, persistence, and the impact of infection control programs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 1999, 96:6908-6913. 114. Hotchkiss JR et al. An agent-based and spatially explicit model of pathogen dissemination in the intensive care unit. Critical Care Medicine, 2005, 3:168-176; discussion 253-254. 115. Grundmann H et al. Risk factors for the transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococus aureus in an adult intensive care unit: fitting a model to the data. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2002, 185:481-488. 116. Cooper BS et al. Preliminary analysis of the transmission dynamics of nosocomial infections: stochastic and management effects. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1999, 43:131-147. 117. Larson E. A causal link between handwashing and risk of infection? Examination of the evidence. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 1988, 9:28-36. 118. Larson E. Skin hygiene and infection prevention: more of the same or different approaches? Clinical Infectious Diseases, 1999, 29:1287-1294. 119. Webster J, Faoagali JL, Cartwright D. Elimination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a neonatal intensive care unit after hand washing with triclosan. Journal of Paediatric Child Health,1994, 30:59-64. 120. Zafar AB et al. Use of 0.3% triclosan (Bacti-Stat) to eradicate an outbreak of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal nursery. American Journal of Infection Control, 1995, 23:200-208. 121. Fridkin S et al. The role of understaffing in central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 1996, 17:150-158.
Page 2 and 3:
The WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene
Page 5 and 6:
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . ...........
Page 7 and 8:
17. Organizing an education program
Page 11:
INTRODUCTION The WHO Advanced Draft
Page 14 and 15:
Handwashing. Washing hands with pla
Page 16 and 17:
still considered the standard of ca
Page 18 and 19:
treatment selectively removes glyce
Page 20 and 21:
of the organism on their hands. Mak
Page 22 and 23:
6. MODELS OF HAND TRANSMISSION 6.1
Page 24 and 25:
In the 1960s, a prospective, contro
Page 26 and 27:
for its ability to reduce the relea
Page 28 and 29:
8.2 SHORTCOMINGS OF TRADITIONAL TES
Page 30 and 31:
tions of short-chain aliphatic alco
Page 32 and 33:
9.1.3 WATER QUALITY The physical, c
Page 34 and 35:
Case study: experience of Egypt The
Page 36 and 37:
and both reduced viral counts on ha
Page 38 and 39:
activity of chlorhexidine is not se
Page 40 and 41:
protein synthesis and alteration of
Page 42 and 43:
in micelle structures formed by sur
Page 44 and 45:
In all the studies that included pl
Page 46 and 47:
isopropyl alcohol) were applied to
Page 48 and 49:
3) Glycerol is added using a measur
Page 50 and 51:
in 2005 the costs of an alcohol-bas
Page 52 and 53:
infection, risk factors that are la
Page 54 and 55:
11.4.4 SIDE-EFFECTS OF THE SURGICAL
Page 56 and 57:
• Repeat the process on the other
Page 58 and 59:
12.2 ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS RE
Page 60 and 61:
particularly when resources are lim
Page 62 and 63:
Handrubs are available as gels, sol
Page 64 and 65:
14. HAND HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG HE
Page 66 and 67:
quantified in observational studies
Page 68 and 69:
According to behavioural theories (
Page 70 and 71:
of water with special leaves) outsi
Page 72 and 73:
Furthermore, according to Phra Depv
Page 74 and 75:
16. BEHAVIOURAL CONSIDERATIONS 16.1
Page 76 and 77:
and community factors must be consi
Page 78 and 79:
i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. a) b) Educat
Page 80 and 81: tion precautions 580 . There are al
Page 82 and 83: follow the intent 588 . Studies hav
Page 84 and 85: 18. FORMULATING STRATEGIES FOR HAND
Page 86 and 87: 18.2 DEVELOPING A STRATEGY FOR GUID
Page 88 and 89: 1998 (P
Page 90 and 91: HCWs routinely to wear vinyl gloves
Page 92 and 93: quality gloves, reuse, shortage of
Page 94 and 95: • To test for holes, gloves shoul
Page 96 and 97: Figure l.20.2: Blood safety: crucia
Page 98 and 99: Consensus recommendations are that
Page 100 and 101: D. Wash hands with either plain or
Page 102 and 103: 5. SKIN CARE A. B. C. Include infor
Page 107 and 108: PART III. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS 1. M
Page 109 and 110: 2. HAND HYGIENE AS A QUALITY INDICA
Page 111 and 112: can be seen during routine work. Da
Page 113 and 114: Case study: United Kingdom national
Page 115 and 116: PART IV. PROMOTING HAND HYGIENE ON
Page 117 and 118: ated to reinforce its principles (t
Page 119: 6. PRINCIPLES OF COUNTRYWIDE HAND H
Page 122 and 123: As many international and national
Page 124: debate that resulted in increasing
Page 128 and 129: 23. Lee YL et al. Colonization by S
Page 132 and 133: 122. Vicca AF. Nursing staff worklo
Page 134 and 135: 171. Kauppinen J et al. Hospital wa
Page 136 and 137: 224. Krilov LR et al. Inactivation
Page 138 and 139: 276. Thomas L et al. Development of
Page 140 and 141: 326. Johnson S et al. Prospective,
Page 142 and 143: 34th Interscience Conference on Ant
Page 144 and 145: 423. Kampf G, et al. Influence of a
Page 146 and 147: 474. West DP et al. Evaluation of a
Page 148 and 149: 524. Muto C et al. Hand hygiene rat
Page 150 and 151: 578. Babcock HM et al. An education
Page 152 and 153: Interscience Conference on Antimicr
Page 154 and 155: 679. Hirschmann H et al. The influe
Page 156: 729. Martin LS, McDougal JS, Loskos
Page 161 and 162: Table I.8.1: Basic experimental des
Page 163 and 164: Table I.9.1: Waterborne pathogens a
Page 165 and 166: Table I.9.3: Virucidal activity of
Page 167 and 168: Table I.9.4: Studies comparing the
Page 169 and 170: Table I.9.6: Studies comparing the
Page 171 and 172: Table I.14.1: Hand hygiene frequenc
Page 173 and 174: Table I.14.2: Hand hygiene adherenc
Page 175 and 176: Table I.15.1: Hand hygiene indicati
Page 177 and 178: Table I.18.1: Strategies for succes
Page 179 and 180: Table l.20.1: Possible problems and
Page 181 and 182:
Table I.21.1. Hand hygiene research
Page 183 and 184:
Table I.21.1: Hand hygiene research
Page 185 and 186:
Table I.21.2: Unsolved issues for r
Page 187 and 188:
Table III.2.1: Quality indicators r
Page 189 and 190:
Table V.3.1: Examples of public inf
Page 191 and 192:
Table V.4.1: Examples of national p
Page 193:
Table V.5.1: The public information
Page 197 and 198:
APPENDIX 1. DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH-C
Page 199:
APPENDIX 2. HAND AND SKIN SELF-ASSE
Page 202:
Data in coloured cells can be chang
Page 206:
NHS NICU n-P NPSA NA NS OPD PACU PA
Page 211 and 212:
AUTHORS: John Boyce Saint Raphael H
Page 213 and 214:
Garance Upham People’s Health Mov
show all

Hand hygiene.pdf

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?