Hand hygiene.pdf

More documents

Recommendations

Info

122. Vicca AF. Nursing staff workload as a determinant of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus spread in an adult intensive therapy unit. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1999, 43:109-113. 123. Harbarth S et al. Outbreak of Enterobacter cloacae related to understaffing, overcrowding, and poor hygiene practices. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 1999, 20:598-603. 124. Robert J et al. The influence of the composition of the nursing staff on primary bloodstream infection rates in a surgical intensive care unit. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2000, 21:12-17. 125. Archibald LK et al. Patient density, nurse-to-patient ratio and nosocomial infection risk in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal, 1997, 16:1046-1048. 126. Eggimann P et al. Reply to letter by Tulleken et al. Intensive Care Medicine, 2004, 30:998-999. 127. Hugonnet S et al. Nursing resoures: a major determinant of nosocomial infectin? Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 2004, 17:329-333. 128. Pessoa-Silva CL et al. Infection due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype infantis in a neonatal unit. Journal of Pediatrics, 2002, 141:381-387. 129. Woolwine FS et al. Effect of testing method on apparent activities of antiviral disinfectants and antiseptics. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1995, 39:921-923. 130. Messager S et al. Use of the ‘ex vivo’ test to study long-term bacterial survival on human skin and their sensitivity to antisepsis. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2004, 97:1149-60. 131. Larson E et al. Handwashing: are experimental models a substitute for clinical trials? Two viewpoints. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 1990, 11:63-66. 132. Maki DG. The use of antiseptics for handwashing by medical personnel. Journal of Chemotherapy. 1989, 1 (Suppl.):3-11. 133. Massanari RM et al. A crossover comparison of antiseptic soaps on nosocomial infection rates in intensive care units. American Journal of Infection Control, 1984,12:247-248. 134. Parienti JJ et al. Hand-rubbing with an aqueous alcoholic solution vs traditional surgical hand-scrubbing and 30-day surgical site infection rates. JAMA, 2002, 288:722-727. 135. Food and Drug Administration. Tentative final monograph for healthcare antiseptic drug products; proposed rule. Federal Register, 1994, 59:31441-31452. 136. Pittet D et al. Alcohol-based hand gels and hand hygiene in hospitals. Lancet, 2002, 360:1511. 137. European standard EN 1499. Chemical disinfectants and antiseptic. Hygienic hand wash. Test method and requirements. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization, 1997. 138. Standardization ECF. Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - hygienic handrub - test method and requirements. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization, 1997. 139. ASTM International. Standard test method for evaluation of the effectiveness of health care personnel or consumer hand wash formulations, 1999 [Designation: E 1174]. 140. Kramer A et al. Limited efficacy of alcohol-based hand gels. Lancet, 2002, 359:1489-1490. 141. ASTM International. Standard test method for determining the virus-eliminating effectiveness of liquid hygienic hand wash and hand rub agents using the finger pads of adult volunteers, 2002 [Designation: E 1838]. 142. Gehrke C et al. Inactivation of feline calicivirus, a surrogate of norovirus (formerly Norwalklike viruses), by different types of alcohol in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2004, 56:49-55. 143. ASTM International. Standard test method for determining the bacteria-eliminating effectiveness of liquid hygienic hand wash and hand rub agents using the finger pads of adult volunteers, 2003 [Designation: E 2276] . 144. ASTM International. Standard test method for evaluation of hand washing formulations for virus-eliminating activity using the entire hand, 1999 [Designation: E 2011]. 145. European standard (pr)EN 12791. Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics. Surgical hand disinfection. Test method and requirements. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization, 2004. 146. Michaud RN et al. Improved experimental model for measuring skin degerming activity on the human hand. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1972, 2:8-15.
147. ASTM International. Test method for evaluation of surgical hand scrub formulations, 2002 [Designation: E 1115]. 148. Gould D et al. Assessing nurses’ hand decontamination performance. Nursing Times, 1993, 89:47-50. 149. Quraishi ZA et al. Duration of handwashing in intensive care units: a descriptive study. American Journal of Infection Control, 1984, 11:178-182. 150. Lund S et al. Reality of glove use and handwashing in a community hospital. American Journal of Infection Control, 1994, 22:352-357. 151. Meengs MR et al. Hand washing frequency in an emergency department. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 1994, 20:183-188. 152. Larson E et al. Effect of an automated sink on handwashing practices and attitudes in high-risk units. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 1991, 12:422-428. 153. Broughall JM. An automatic monitoring system for measuring handwashing frequency. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1984, 5:447-453. 154. Ojajarvi J et al. Failure of hand disinfection with frequent hand washing: a need for prolonged field studies. Journal of Hygiene, 1977, 79:107-119. 155. Larson E et al. Physiologic and microbiologic changes in skin related to frequent handwashing. American Journal of Infection Control, 1986, 7:59-63. 156. Larson EL et al. Efficacy of alcohol-based hand rinses under frequent-use conditions. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1986, 30:542-544. 157. Larson EL et al. Comparison of four antiseptic products containing chlorhexidine gluconate. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1987, 31:1572-1574. 158. Rotter ML et al. Test models for hygienic handrub and hygienic handwash: the effects of two different contamination and sampling techniques. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1992, 20:163-171. 159. Aly R et al. A comparison of the antimicrobial effect of 0.5% chlorhexidine (Hibistat) and 70% isopropyl alcohol on hands contaminated with Serratia marcescens. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 1980, 5:197-201. 160. Casewell MW et al. A laboratory model for testing agents for hygienic hand disinfection: handwashing and chlorhexidine for the removal of Klebsiella. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1988, 12:163-175. 161. Rotter ML et al. A laboratory model for testing agents for hygienic hand disinfection: handwashing and chlorhexidine for the removal of Klebsiella. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1990, 15:189-195. 162. World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines on drinking-water quality, 3rd ed. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004. 163. Anaissie EJ et al. The hospital water supply as a source of nosocomial infections: a plea for action. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2002, 162:1483-1492. 164. Aronson T et al. Comparison of large restriction fragments of Mycobacterium avium isolates recovered from AIDS and non-AIDS patients with those of isolates from potable water. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1999, 37:1008-12. 165. Darelid J et al. An outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease in a Swedish hospital. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1994, 26:417-25. 166. Lowry PW et al. A cluster of legionella sternal-wound infections due to postoperative topical exposure to contaminated tap water. New England Journal of Medicine, 1991, 324:109-113. 167. Trautmann M et al. Tap water colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a surgical intensive care unit (ICU) and relation to Pseudomonas infections of ICU patients. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2001, 22:49-52. 168. Bert F et al. Multi-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak associated with contaminated tap water in a neurosurgery intensive care unit. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1998, 39:53-62. 169. Weber DJ et al. Faucet aerators: a source of patient colonization with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. American Journal of Infection Control, 1999, 27:59-63. 170. von Reyn CF et al. Persistent colonisation of potable water as a source of Mycobacterium avium infection in AIDS. Lancet, 1994, 343:1137-1141.
Page 2 and 3:
The WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene
Page 5 and 6:
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . ...........
Page 7 and 8:
17. Organizing an education program
Page 11:
INTRODUCTION The WHO Advanced Draft
Page 14 and 15:
Handwashing. Washing hands with pla
Page 16 and 17:
still considered the standard of ca
Page 18 and 19:
treatment selectively removes glyce
Page 20 and 21:
of the organism on their hands. Mak
Page 22 and 23:
6. MODELS OF HAND TRANSMISSION 6.1
Page 24 and 25:
In the 1960s, a prospective, contro
Page 26 and 27:
for its ability to reduce the relea
Page 28 and 29:
8.2 SHORTCOMINGS OF TRADITIONAL TES
Page 30 and 31:
tions of short-chain aliphatic alco
Page 32 and 33:
9.1.3 WATER QUALITY The physical, c
Page 34 and 35:
Case study: experience of Egypt The
Page 36 and 37:
and both reduced viral counts on ha
Page 38 and 39:
activity of chlorhexidine is not se
Page 40 and 41:
protein synthesis and alteration of
Page 42 and 43:
in micelle structures formed by sur
Page 44 and 45:
In all the studies that included pl
Page 46 and 47:
isopropyl alcohol) were applied to
Page 48 and 49:
3) Glycerol is added using a measur
Page 50 and 51:
in 2005 the costs of an alcohol-bas
Page 52 and 53:
infection, risk factors that are la
Page 54 and 55:
11.4.4 SIDE-EFFECTS OF THE SURGICAL
Page 56 and 57:
• Repeat the process on the other
Page 58 and 59:
12.2 ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS RE
Page 60 and 61:
particularly when resources are lim
Page 62 and 63:
Handrubs are available as gels, sol
Page 64 and 65:
14. HAND HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG HE
Page 66 and 67:
quantified in observational studies
Page 68 and 69:
According to behavioural theories (
Page 70 and 71:
of water with special leaves) outsi
Page 72 and 73:
Furthermore, according to Phra Depv
Page 74 and 75:
16. BEHAVIOURAL CONSIDERATIONS 16.1
Page 76 and 77:
and community factors must be consi
Page 78 and 79:
i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. a) b) Educat
Page 80 and 81:
tion precautions 580 . There are al
Page 82 and 83: follow the intent 588 . Studies hav
Page 84 and 85: 18. FORMULATING STRATEGIES FOR HAND
Page 86 and 87: 18.2 DEVELOPING A STRATEGY FOR GUID
Page 88 and 89: 1998 (P
Page 90 and 91: HCWs routinely to wear vinyl gloves
Page 92 and 93: quality gloves, reuse, shortage of
Page 94 and 95: • To test for holes, gloves shoul
Page 96 and 97: Figure l.20.2: Blood safety: crucia
Page 98 and 99: Consensus recommendations are that
Page 100 and 101: D. Wash hands with either plain or
Page 102 and 103: 5. SKIN CARE A. B. C. Include infor
Page 107 and 108: PART III. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS 1. M
Page 109 and 110: 2. HAND HYGIENE AS A QUALITY INDICA
Page 111 and 112: can be seen during routine work. Da
Page 113 and 114: Case study: United Kingdom national
Page 115 and 116: PART IV. PROMOTING HAND HYGIENE ON
Page 117 and 118: ated to reinforce its principles (t
Page 119: 6. PRINCIPLES OF COUNTRYWIDE HAND H
Page 122 and 123: As many international and national
Page 124: debate that resulted in increasing
Page 128 and 129: 23. Lee YL et al. Colonization by S
Page 130 and 131: Interscience Conference on Antimicr
Page 134 and 135: 171. Kauppinen J et al. Hospital wa
Page 136 and 137: 224. Krilov LR et al. Inactivation
Page 138 and 139: 276. Thomas L et al. Development of
Page 140 and 141: 326. Johnson S et al. Prospective,
Page 142 and 143: 34th Interscience Conference on Ant
Page 144 and 145: 423. Kampf G, et al. Influence of a
Page 146 and 147: 474. West DP et al. Evaluation of a
Page 148 and 149: 524. Muto C et al. Hand hygiene rat
Page 150 and 151: 578. Babcock HM et al. An education
Page 152 and 153: Interscience Conference on Antimicr
Page 154 and 155: 679. Hirschmann H et al. The influe
Page 156: 729. Martin LS, McDougal JS, Loskos
Page 161 and 162: Table I.8.1: Basic experimental des
Page 163 and 164: Table I.9.1: Waterborne pathogens a
Page 165 and 166: Table I.9.3: Virucidal activity of
Page 167 and 168: Table I.9.4: Studies comparing the
Page 169 and 170: Table I.9.6: Studies comparing the
Page 171 and 172: Table I.14.1: Hand hygiene frequenc
Page 173 and 174: Table I.14.2: Hand hygiene adherenc
Page 175 and 176: Table I.15.1: Hand hygiene indicati
Page 177 and 178: Table I.18.1: Strategies for succes
Page 179 and 180: Table l.20.1: Possible problems and
Page 181 and 182: Table I.21.1. Hand hygiene research
Page 183 and 184:
Table I.21.1: Hand hygiene research
Page 185 and 186:
Table I.21.2: Unsolved issues for r
Page 187 and 188:
Table III.2.1: Quality indicators r
Page 189 and 190:
Table V.3.1: Examples of public inf
Page 191 and 192:
Table V.4.1: Examples of national p
Page 193:
Table V.5.1: The public information
Page 197 and 198:
APPENDIX 1. DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH-C
Page 199:
APPENDIX 2. HAND AND SKIN SELF-ASSE
Page 202:
Data in coloured cells can be chang
Page 206:
NHS NICU n-P NPSA NA NS OPD PACU PA
Page 211 and 212:
AUTHORS: John Boyce Saint Raphael H
Page 213 and 214:
Garance Upham People’s Health Mov
show all

Hand hygiene.pdf

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?