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729. Martin LS, McDougal JS, Loskoski SL. Disinfection and inactivation of the human T lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1985,152:400-403. 730. Resnick L et al. Stability and inactivation of HTLV-III/LAV under clinical and laboratory environments. JAMA, 1986, 255:1887-1891. 731. van Bueren J et al. Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by alcohols. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1994, 28:137-148. 732. Montefiori DC et al. Effective inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus with chlorhexidine antiseptics containing detergents and alcohol. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1990, 15:279-282. 733. Wood A et al The action of three antiseptics/disinfectants against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1998, 38:283-295. 734. Harbison MA et al. Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus by Betadine products and chlorhexidine. Journal of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 1989, 2:16-20. 735. Lavelle GC et al. Evaluation of an antimicrobial soap formula for virucidal efficacy in vitro against HIV in a blood-virus mixture. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1989, 33:2034-2036. 736. Bond WW et al. Inactivation of hepatitis B virus by intermediate-to-high level disinfectant chemicals. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1983, 8:535-538. 737. Kobayashi H, et al. Susceptibility of hepatitis B virus to disinfectants or heat. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1984, 20:214-216. 738. Kurtz JB. Virucidal effect of alcohols against echovirus 11. Lancet, 1979, 1:496-497. 739. Sattar SA et al. Rotavirus inactivation by chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in hospitals. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 1983, 29:1464-1469. 740. Rotter M, et al. Hygienische Händeantiseptik. In: Kramer A, Gröschel D, Heeg P, eds. Klinische Antiseptic. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1993: 67-82. 741. Rotter M. Hand washing and hand disinfection. In: Mayhall CG, editor. Hospital epidemiology and infection control. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, William& Wilkins, 2004: 1728-1746. 742. Furukawa K et al. A new surgical handwashing and hand antisepsis from scrubbing to rubbing. Journal of Nippon Medical School, 2004, 71:190-197. 743. Larson E et al. Assessment of alternative hand hygiene regimens to improve skin health among neonatal intensive care unit nurses. Heart & Lung, 2000, 29:136-142. 744. Harbarth S et al. Compliance with hand hygiene practice in pediatric intensive care. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, 2001, 2:311-314. 745. DeCarvalho M et al. Frequency and duration of handwashing in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 1989, 8:179-180. 746. Aspock C et al. A simple hand hygiene exercise. American Journal of Infection Control, 1999, 27:370-372. 747. Thomas M et al. Focus group data as a tool in assessing effectiveness of a hand hygiene campaign. American Journal of Infection Control, 2005, 33:368-73. 748. Haley RW et al. The role of understaffing and overcrowding in recurrent outbreaks of staphylococcal infection in a neonatal special-care unit. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1982,145:875-885. 749. Pittet D et al. Hand hygiene and patient care: pursuing the Semmelweis legacy. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2001 (April):9-20. 750. Maki D et al. Antiseptic-containing handwashing agents reduce nosocomial infections: a prospective study. In: Program and Abstracts of the 22nd Interscience Conference of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Miami Beach, FL, October 4-6, 1982. Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology, 1982:abstr. #188. 751. Bajracharya D. Myanmar experiences in sanitation and hygiene promotion: lessons learned and future directions. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2003, 13 (suppl 1):S141-52.
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The WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene
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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . ...........
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17. Organizing an education program
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INTRODUCTION The WHO Advanced Draft
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Handwashing. Washing hands with pla
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still considered the standard of ca
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treatment selectively removes glyce
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of the organism on their hands. Mak
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6. MODELS OF HAND TRANSMISSION 6.1
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In the 1960s, a prospective, contro
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for its ability to reduce the relea
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8.2 SHORTCOMINGS OF TRADITIONAL TES
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tions of short-chain aliphatic alco
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9.1.3 WATER QUALITY The physical, c
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Case study: experience of Egypt The
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and both reduced viral counts on ha
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activity of chlorhexidine is not se
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protein synthesis and alteration of
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in micelle structures formed by sur
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In all the studies that included pl
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isopropyl alcohol) were applied to
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3) Glycerol is added using a measur
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in 2005 the costs of an alcohol-bas
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infection, risk factors that are la
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11.4.4 SIDE-EFFECTS OF THE SURGICAL
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• Repeat the process on the other
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12.2 ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS RE
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particularly when resources are lim
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Handrubs are available as gels, sol
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14. HAND HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG HE
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quantified in observational studies
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According to behavioural theories (
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of water with special leaves) outsi
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Furthermore, according to Phra Depv
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16. BEHAVIOURAL CONSIDERATIONS 16.1
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and community factors must be consi
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i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. a) b) Educat
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tion precautions 580 . There are al
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follow the intent 588 . Studies hav
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18. FORMULATING STRATEGIES FOR HAND
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18.2 DEVELOPING A STRATEGY FOR GUID
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1998 (P
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HCWs routinely to wear vinyl gloves
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quality gloves, reuse, shortage of
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• To test for holes, gloves shoul
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Figure l.20.2: Blood safety: crucia
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Consensus recommendations are that
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D. Wash hands with either plain or
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5. SKIN CARE A. B. C. Include infor
Page 107 and 108: PART III. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS 1. M
Page 109 and 110: 2. HAND HYGIENE AS A QUALITY INDICA
Page 111 and 112: can be seen during routine work. Da
Page 113 and 114: Case study: United Kingdom national
Page 115 and 116: PART IV. PROMOTING HAND HYGIENE ON
Page 117 and 118: ated to reinforce its principles (t
Page 119: 6. PRINCIPLES OF COUNTRYWIDE HAND H
Page 122 and 123: As many international and national
Page 124: debate that resulted in increasing
Page 128 and 129: 23. Lee YL et al. Colonization by S
Page 130 and 131: Interscience Conference on Antimicr
Page 132 and 133: 122. Vicca AF. Nursing staff worklo
Page 134 and 135: 171. Kauppinen J et al. Hospital wa
Page 136 and 137: 224. Krilov LR et al. Inactivation
Page 138 and 139: 276. Thomas L et al. Development of
Page 140 and 141: 326. Johnson S et al. Prospective,
Page 142 and 143: 34th Interscience Conference on Ant
Page 144 and 145: 423. Kampf G, et al. Influence of a
Page 146 and 147: 474. West DP et al. Evaluation of a
Page 148 and 149: 524. Muto C et al. Hand hygiene rat
Page 150 and 151: 578. Babcock HM et al. An education
Page 152 and 153: Interscience Conference on Antimicr
Page 154 and 155: 679. Hirschmann H et al. The influe
Page 159: 729. Martin LS, McDougal JS, Loskos
Page 162 and 163: Table I.8.1: Basic experimental des
Page 164 and 165: Table I.9.2: Microbiological indica
Page 166 and 167: Table I.9.3: Virucidal activity of
Page 168 and 169: Table I.9.5: Hygienic handrub effic
Page 170 and 171: Table I.9.7: Efficacy of surgical h
Page 172 and 173: Table I.14.2: Hand hygiene adherenc
Page 174 and 175: Table I.14.3: Factors influencing a
Page 176 and 177: Table I.17.1: Elements of education
Page 178 and 179: Table I.19.1: Association between i
Page 180 and 181: Table I.21.1: Hand hygiene research
Page 182 and 183: Table I.21.1: Hand hygiene research
Page 184 and 185: Table I.21.2: Unsolved issues for r
Page 186 and 187: Table III.1.1: Advantages and disad
Page 188 and 189: Table V.3.1: Examples of public inf
Page 190 and 191: Table V.4.1: Examples of national p
Page 192 and 193: Table V.4.1: Examples of national p
Page 195: Table V.5.1: The public information
Page 198 and 199: licensed to practise midwifery, and
Page 201 and 202: APPENDIX 3. EXAMPLE OF A SPREADSHEE
Page 205 and 206: ABBREVIATIONS AED Academy for Educa
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NHS NICU n-P NPSA NA NS OPD PACU PA
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Barry Cookson Health Protection Age
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EDITOR: Didier Pittet, Geneva’s U
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