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Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Atlanta 1990, abstr. 473. 630. Reingold AL et al. Failure of gloves and other protective devices to prevent transmission of hepatitis B virus to oral surgeons. JAMA, 1988, 259:2558-2560. 631. Thompson BL et al. Handwashing and glove use in a long-term-care facility. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 1997, 18:97-103. 632. Girou E et al. Misuse of gloves: the foundation for poor compliance with hand hygiene and potential for microbial transmission? Journal of Hospital Infection, 2004, 57:162-169. 633. Kim PW et al. Rates of hand disinfection associated with glove use, patient isolation, and changes between exposure to various body sites. American Journal of Infection Control, 2003, 3:97-103. 634. Patterson JE et al. Association of contaminated gloves with transmission of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus in an intensive care unit. American Journal of Medicine, 1991, 91:479-483. 635. Poutanen SM, et al. Nosocomial acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus during an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2005, 26:134-137. 636. Yap FH et al. Increase in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus acquisition rate and change in pathogen pattern associated with an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2004, 39:511-516. 637. Barza M. Efficacy and tolerability of ClO2-generating gloves. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2004, 38:857-863. 639. Anonymous. Cost-effective infection control for developing world described. Nigeria. Infection Control Weekly, 1994:5-6. 639. Kennedy AM et al. Survey of knowledge, beliefs, and practices of neonatal intensive care unit healthcare workers regarding nosocomial infections, central venous catheter care, and hand hygiene. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2004, 25:747-752. 640. Huskins WC et al. Infection control in countries with limit ed resources. In: Mayhall CG, ed. Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1999:1489-1513. 641. Tietjen L et al. Infection prevention guidelines for healthcare facilities with limited resources: a problem-solving reference manual. Baltimore, MD, JHPIEGO, 2003. (www.reproline.jhu. edu/english/4morerh/4ip/IP_manual/ipmanual.htm, accessed 15 January 2006). 642. Gunasekera PC et al Glove failure: an occupational hazard of surgeons in a developing country. Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 1997, 42:95-97. 643. Goktas P et al. [The effectiveness of various disinfection methods on the surface of gloved hands]. Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni, 1992, 26:271-280. 644. Mehtar S et al. The effect of disinfectants on perforated gloves. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1991, 18:191-200. 645. Hagos B et al. The microbial and physical quality of re cycled gloves. East African Medical Journal, 1997, 74:224-226. 646. Edelstam G et al. Glove powder in the hospital environment - consequences for healthcare workers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2002, 75:267-271. 647 Tokars JI et al. Skin and mucous membrane contacts with blood during surgical procedures: risk and prevention. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 1995, 16:703-711. 648. Davis MS. Choices of effective personal protection equipment. In: Advanced precautions for today’s OR: the operating room professional’s handbook for the prevention of sharps injuries and bloodborne exposures. 2nd ed. Atlanta: Sweinbinder Publications LLC, 2001:39-48. 649. Daschner F. The hospital and pollution: role of the hospital epidemiologist in protecting the environment. In: Wenzel RP, ed. Prevention and control of nosocomial infections. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1993:993-1000. 650. Martin MV et al. A physical and microbiological evaluation of the re-use of non-sterile gloves. British Dental Journal, 1988, 165:321-324. 651. Bagg J, Jenkins S, Barker GR. A laboratory assessment of the antimicrobial effectiveness of glove washing and re-use in dental practice. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1990, 15:73-82. 652. Lowbury EJL. Aseptic methods in the operating suite. Lancet , 1968, 1:705-709.
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The WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene
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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . ...........
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17. Organizing an education program
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INTRODUCTION The WHO Advanced Draft
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Handwashing. Washing hands with pla
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still considered the standard of ca
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treatment selectively removes glyce
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of the organism on their hands. Mak
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6. MODELS OF HAND TRANSMISSION 6.1
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In the 1960s, a prospective, contro
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for its ability to reduce the relea
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8.2 SHORTCOMINGS OF TRADITIONAL TES
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tions of short-chain aliphatic alco
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9.1.3 WATER QUALITY The physical, c
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Case study: experience of Egypt The
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and both reduced viral counts on ha
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activity of chlorhexidine is not se
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protein synthesis and alteration of
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in micelle structures formed by sur
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In all the studies that included pl
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isopropyl alcohol) were applied to
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3) Glycerol is added using a measur
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in 2005 the costs of an alcohol-bas
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infection, risk factors that are la
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11.4.4 SIDE-EFFECTS OF THE SURGICAL
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• Repeat the process on the other
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12.2 ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS RE
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particularly when resources are lim
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Handrubs are available as gels, sol
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14. HAND HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG HE
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quantified in observational studies
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According to behavioural theories (
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of water with special leaves) outsi
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Furthermore, according to Phra Depv
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16. BEHAVIOURAL CONSIDERATIONS 16.1
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and community factors must be consi
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i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. a) b) Educat
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tion precautions 580 . There are al
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follow the intent 588 . Studies hav
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18. FORMULATING STRATEGIES FOR HAND
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18.2 DEVELOPING A STRATEGY FOR GUID
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1998 (P
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HCWs routinely to wear vinyl gloves
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quality gloves, reuse, shortage of
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• To test for holes, gloves shoul
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Figure l.20.2: Blood safety: crucia
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Consensus recommendations are that
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D. Wash hands with either plain or
Page 102 and 103: 5. SKIN CARE A. B. C. Include infor
Page 107 and 108: PART III. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS 1. M
Page 109 and 110: 2. HAND HYGIENE AS A QUALITY INDICA
Page 111 and 112: can be seen during routine work. Da
Page 113 and 114: Case study: United Kingdom national
Page 115 and 116: PART IV. PROMOTING HAND HYGIENE ON
Page 117 and 118: ated to reinforce its principles (t
Page 119: 6. PRINCIPLES OF COUNTRYWIDE HAND H
Page 122 and 123: As many international and national
Page 124: debate that resulted in increasing
Page 128 and 129: 23. Lee YL et al. Colonization by S
Page 130 and 131: Interscience Conference on Antimicr
Page 132 and 133: 122. Vicca AF. Nursing staff worklo
Page 134 and 135: 171. Kauppinen J et al. Hospital wa
Page 136 and 137: 224. Krilov LR et al. Inactivation
Page 138 and 139: 276. Thomas L et al. Development of
Page 140 and 141: 326. Johnson S et al. Prospective,
Page 142 and 143: 34th Interscience Conference on Ant
Page 144 and 145: 423. Kampf G, et al. Influence of a
Page 146 and 147: 474. West DP et al. Evaluation of a
Page 148 and 149: 524. Muto C et al. Hand hygiene rat
Page 150 and 151: 578. Babcock HM et al. An education
Page 154 and 155: 679. Hirschmann H et al. The influe
Page 156: 729. Martin LS, McDougal JS, Loskos
Page 161 and 162: Table I.8.1: Basic experimental des
Page 163 and 164: Table I.9.1: Waterborne pathogens a
Page 165 and 166: Table I.9.3: Virucidal activity of
Page 167 and 168: Table I.9.4: Studies comparing the
Page 169 and 170: Table I.9.6: Studies comparing the
Page 171 and 172: Table I.14.1: Hand hygiene frequenc
Page 173 and 174: Table I.14.2: Hand hygiene adherenc
Page 175 and 176: Table I.15.1: Hand hygiene indicati
Page 177 and 178: Table I.18.1: Strategies for succes
Page 179 and 180: Table l.20.1: Possible problems and
Page 181 and 182: Table I.21.1. Hand hygiene research
Page 183 and 184: Table I.21.1: Hand hygiene research
Page 185 and 186: Table I.21.2: Unsolved issues for r
Page 187 and 188: Table III.2.1: Quality indicators r
Page 189 and 190: Table V.3.1: Examples of public inf
Page 191 and 192: Table V.4.1: Examples of national p
Page 193: Table V.5.1: The public information
Page 197 and 198: APPENDIX 1. DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH-C
Page 199: APPENDIX 2. HAND AND SKIN SELF-ASSE
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Data in coloured cells can be chang
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NHS NICU n-P NPSA NA NS OPD PACU PA
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AUTHORS: John Boyce Saint Raphael H
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Garance Upham People’s Health Mov
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