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524. Muto C et al. Hand hygiene rates unaffected by installation of dispensers of a rapidly acting hand antiseptic. American Journal of Infection Control, 2000, 28:273-276. 525. Kuzu , et al. Compliance with hand hygiene and glove use in a university-affiliated hospital. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2005, 26:312-315. 526. Larson EL et al. A multifaceted approach to changing handwashing behavior. American Journal of Infection Control, 1997, 25:3-10. 527. Karabey S et al. Handwashing frequencies in an intensive care unit. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2002, 50:36-41. 528. Harbarth S et al. Interventional study to evaluate the impact of an alcohol-based hand gel in improving hand hygiene compliance. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2002, 21:489-495. 529. Brown SM et al. Use of an alcohol-based hand rub and quality improvement interventions to improve hand hygiene in a Russian neonatal intensive care unit. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2003, 24:172-179. 530. Rosenthal VD et al. Effect of education and performance feedback on handwashing: the benefit of administrative support in Argentinean hospitals. American Journal of Infection Control, 2003, 31:85-92. 531. Lam BC, et al. Hand hygiene practices in a neonatal intensive care unit: a multimodal intervention and impact on nosocomial infection. Pediatrics, 2004, 114:565-571. 532. Whitby M, et al. Handwashing in healthcare workers: accessibility of sink location does not improve compliance. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2004, 58:247-253. 533. Arenas MD et al. A multicentric survey of the practice of hand hygiene in haemodialysis units: factors affecting compliance. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 2005, 20: 1164-1171. 534. Saba R et al. Hand hygiene compliance in a hematology unit. Acta Haematologica, 2005, 113:190-193. 535. Larson E et al. An organizational climate intervention associated with increased handwashing and decreased nosocomial infections. Behavioral Medicine, 2000, 26:14-22. 536. Won SP et al. Handwashing program for the prevention of nosocomial infections in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2004, 25:742-746. 537. Boyce JM. It is time for action: improving hand hygiene in hospitals. Annals of Internal Medicine, 1999, 130:153-155. 538. Jarvis WR. Handwashing - the Semmelweis lesson forgotten? Lancet, 1994, 344:1311-1312. 539. Larson E et al. Compliance with handwashing and barrier precautions. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1995, 30 (Suppl):88-106. 540. Sproat LJ et al. A multicentre survey of hand hygiene practice in intensive care units. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1994, 26:137-148. 541. Kretzer EK et al. Behavioral interventions to improve infection control practices. American Journal of Infection Control, 1998, 26:245-253. 542. Whitby M, et al. Why healthcare workers don’t wash their hands: a behavioral explanation. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2006 (in press). 543. O’Boyle CA, Henly SJ, Larson E. Understanding adherence to hand hygiene recommendations: the theory of planned behavior. American Journal of Infection Control, 2001, 29:353-360. 544. Pessoa-Silva CL et al. Attitudes and perceptions toward hand hygiene among healthcare workers caring for critically ill neonates. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2005, 26:305-311. 545. McLane C, et al. A nursing practice problem: failure to observe aseptic technique. American Journal of Infection Control, 1983, 11:178-182. 546. Worldwide Adherents of All Religions, mid-2004. In: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2005 (www.britannica.com/eb/article-9399686, accessed 15 January 2006). 547. Flannelly KJ, et al. Methodologic issues in research on religion and health. Southern Medical Journal, 2004, 97:1231-1241. 549. Hoque BA, et al. A comparison of local handwashing agents in Bangladesh. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1991, 94:61-64. 549. Katme AM. Hand washing. Muslim teaching gives rules for when hands must be washed. BMJ, 1999, 319:520.
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The WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene
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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . ...........
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17. Organizing an education program
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INTRODUCTION The WHO Advanced Draft
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Handwashing. Washing hands with pla
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still considered the standard of ca
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treatment selectively removes glyce
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of the organism on their hands. Mak
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6. MODELS OF HAND TRANSMISSION 6.1
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In the 1960s, a prospective, contro
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for its ability to reduce the relea
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8.2 SHORTCOMINGS OF TRADITIONAL TES
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tions of short-chain aliphatic alco
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9.1.3 WATER QUALITY The physical, c
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Case study: experience of Egypt The
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and both reduced viral counts on ha
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activity of chlorhexidine is not se
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protein synthesis and alteration of
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in micelle structures formed by sur
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In all the studies that included pl
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isopropyl alcohol) were applied to
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3) Glycerol is added using a measur
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in 2005 the costs of an alcohol-bas
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infection, risk factors that are la
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11.4.4 SIDE-EFFECTS OF THE SURGICAL
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• Repeat the process on the other
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12.2 ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS RE
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particularly when resources are lim
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Handrubs are available as gels, sol
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14. HAND HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG HE
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quantified in observational studies
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According to behavioural theories (
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of water with special leaves) outsi
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Furthermore, according to Phra Depv
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16. BEHAVIOURAL CONSIDERATIONS 16.1
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and community factors must be consi
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i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. a) b) Educat
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tion precautions 580 . There are al
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follow the intent 588 . Studies hav
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18. FORMULATING STRATEGIES FOR HAND
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18.2 DEVELOPING A STRATEGY FOR GUID
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1998 (P
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HCWs routinely to wear vinyl gloves
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quality gloves, reuse, shortage of
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• To test for holes, gloves shoul
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Figure l.20.2: Blood safety: crucia
Page 98 and 99: Consensus recommendations are that
Page 100 and 101: D. Wash hands with either plain or
Page 102 and 103: 5. SKIN CARE A. B. C. Include infor
Page 107 and 108: PART III. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS 1. M
Page 109 and 110: 2. HAND HYGIENE AS A QUALITY INDICA
Page 111 and 112: can be seen during routine work. Da
Page 113 and 114: Case study: United Kingdom national
Page 115 and 116: PART IV. PROMOTING HAND HYGIENE ON
Page 117 and 118: ated to reinforce its principles (t
Page 119: 6. PRINCIPLES OF COUNTRYWIDE HAND H
Page 122 and 123: As many international and national
Page 124: debate that resulted in increasing
Page 128 and 129: 23. Lee YL et al. Colonization by S
Page 130 and 131: Interscience Conference on Antimicr
Page 132 and 133: 122. Vicca AF. Nursing staff worklo
Page 134 and 135: 171. Kauppinen J et al. Hospital wa
Page 136 and 137: 224. Krilov LR et al. Inactivation
Page 138 and 139: 276. Thomas L et al. Development of
Page 140 and 141: 326. Johnson S et al. Prospective,
Page 142 and 143: 34th Interscience Conference on Ant
Page 144 and 145: 423. Kampf G, et al. Influence of a
Page 146 and 147: 474. West DP et al. Evaluation of a
Page 150 and 151: 578. Babcock HM et al. An education
Page 152 and 153: Interscience Conference on Antimicr
Page 154 and 155: 679. Hirschmann H et al. The influe
Page 156: 729. Martin LS, McDougal JS, Loskos
Page 161 and 162: Table I.8.1: Basic experimental des
Page 163 and 164: Table I.9.1: Waterborne pathogens a
Page 165 and 166: Table I.9.3: Virucidal activity of
Page 167 and 168: Table I.9.4: Studies comparing the
Page 169 and 170: Table I.9.6: Studies comparing the
Page 171 and 172: Table I.14.1: Hand hygiene frequenc
Page 173 and 174: Table I.14.2: Hand hygiene adherenc
Page 175 and 176: Table I.15.1: Hand hygiene indicati
Page 177 and 178: Table I.18.1: Strategies for succes
Page 179 and 180: Table l.20.1: Possible problems and
Page 181 and 182: Table I.21.1. Hand hygiene research
Page 183 and 184: Table I.21.1: Hand hygiene research
Page 185 and 186: Table I.21.2: Unsolved issues for r
Page 187 and 188: Table III.2.1: Quality indicators r
Page 189 and 190: Table V.3.1: Examples of public inf
Page 191 and 192: Table V.4.1: Examples of national p
Page 193: Table V.5.1: The public information
Page 197 and 198: APPENDIX 1. DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH-C
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APPENDIX 2. HAND AND SKIN SELF-ASSE
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Data in coloured cells can be chang
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NHS NICU n-P NPSA NA NS OPD PACU PA
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AUTHORS: John Boyce Saint Raphael H
Page 213 and 214:
Garance Upham People’s Health Mov
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