Middle East / North Africa and the Millennium Development Goals ...

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Middle East / North Africa and the Millennium Development Goals contracted malaria in 2001: 27 per 100,000 population in Oman and 32 per 100,000 in Saudi Arabia. The reason for this is the relatively high number of migrant workers in the Gulf states. These people may already have the disease when they arrive or they may return infected when they travel home on vacation leave (ESCWA 2005). Some countries in the region are also affected by leishmaniasis (Aleppo boil, kala-azar), a disease which is also transmitted by mosquitoes. These countries mainly include Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Iraq, and Sudan, although the disease also broke out again in Syria a number of years ago, where attempts to get it under control have not yet proven successful. In 2001 the number of new cases countrywide was 135 per 100,000 population (Syrian Arab Republic 2003). By international comparison, tuberculosis constitutes a minor health risk in the MENA region. Only three countries are seriously affected by the disease: Mauritania (per year 209 new infections and 51 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants), Sudan (142 new cases and 51 deaths per 100,000), and Iraq (89 new cases and 27 deaths per 100,000). No information is available on how the disease has developed in these three countries in recent years (see Table A8, Annex). The incidence of tuberculosis is in decline in most countries of the region. This can be shown clearly for Jordan, Lebanon, and Morocco, although there is also information available that indicates the same trend for Egypt, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Tunisia (PARC 2002; Kingdom of Bahrain / UN 2002; Jordan MOPIC 2004; UN 2003a; UN 2002b; UN 2003b). Hepatitis B and C continue to be endemic in all countries of the region. In recent years Syria and Egypt appear to have been faced with particular problems with these diseases (Syrian Arab Republic 2003; PARC 2002). Finally, the Palestinian Territories experienced an epidemic of viral meningitis in 1997. The infection rate was 117 per 100,000 population, a figure that was reduced to 22 per 100,000 population by 2002. However, bacterial meningitis continues to spread (UN 2002a). German Development Institute 79
3.7 Ensuring environmental sustainability (MDG7) 80 Markus Loewe MDG7 has three targets that are only very loosely interconnected and that may, in some areas, even result in goal conflicts. The focal point here is Target 9, i.e. to “integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources.” Target 10 sets out to “halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation.” Target 11, finally, provides for efforts to achieve a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers worldwide. Environmental protection Target 9 is one of the few points on the MDG agenda that has not been quantified as such. In order to be able to measure progress in the implementation of the target, six indicators were chosen which were thought to be able to model the broadest possible spectrum of environmental policy. The first indicator – proportion of land area covered by forests – is not particularly relevant for the countries of the MENA region. With the exceptions of Sudan, Morocco, and Lebanon, none of these countries has had any major forest cover since the period of classical antiquity. Nor is it likely that the region’s forest cover will grow appreciably in the future. However, one alarming fact is that, according to World Bank data (World Bank 2004e), Sudan’s forest cover declined from 30 % to roughly 26 % of the country’s overall land area between 1990 and 2001. On the other hand, the MDG agenda lacks an indicator designed to measure soil degradation. Soil degradation poses a major environmental threat precisely for the MENA countries, one that will entail serious problems for the region’s future social and economic development. However, the other five indicators included in the MDG agenda show that the MENA countries will have to undertake substantial efforts if they are to implement MDG7 by 2015 (ESCWA 2005). The percentage of land set aside as conservation areas in the MENA region has grown since 1990 from roughly 2 to over 10 %. The main reason for this, though, is that during the 1990s Saudi Arabia set aside 38 % of its land area as a nature reserve. Only Oman and Saudi Arabia have placed more than 10 % of their land area under protection (see Table A9, Annex). German Development Institute
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Middle East / North Africa and the
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Studies Deutsches Institut für Ent
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Foreword This study is the English
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Contents Abbreviations Executive Su
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Bibliography 163 List of Interview
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Figure 15: Trends in the implementa
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Table A15: Commitment of the govern
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GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Tech
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UN HABITAT United Nations Human Set
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Markus Loewe ANND (Arab NGO Network
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Markus Loewe - (2003a): Länderberi
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Markus Loewe Clemens, M. / Ch. Kenn
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Markus Loewe Fues, T. (2005): Entwi
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Markus Loewe IMF / OECD / UN / Worl
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Markus Loewe - (2004d): Maßnahmen
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Markus Loewe Pogge, T. (2003): Ein
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Markus Loewe Schüler, D. / S. Klas
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Markus Loewe - (2004a): Human Devel
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Markus Loewe - (2004g): Kingdom of
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Markus Loewe Georg Schüller, Count
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Berichte und Gutachten 11/04 Scholz
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Discussion Paper 16/2006 Brüntrup,
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