Middle East / North Africa and the Millennium Development Goals ...

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Middle East / North Africa and the Millennium Development Goals equivalent consumed is higher than in 1990. With other words: for each unit of GDP, less energy is used (see Figure 15). As regards international conventions, Tunisia may be seen as a role model. Not only has it (like all the other MENA countries) ratified the Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Rio Biodiversity Convention (1992), it has also signed and ratified the Cartagena Protocol and the Kyoto Protocol. Other than Tunisia, a smaller number of MENA countries have at least signed these two protocols (Egypt, Algeria, Iran, Yemen, and Libya). Iraq, the Palestinian National Authority (PA), and Sudan have not even signed the Framework Convention on Climate Change or the Biodiversity Convention (see Table A9, Annex). Sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation Goal conflicts may emerge between Target 9 and Target 10 of the MDG agenda. This scenario would e.g. be given in the following case: While a Figure 15: Trends in the implementation of MDG7 / Target 9 (Increase in energy efficiency) Source: Designed by the author, based on data in Table A9, Annex German Development Institute 83
84 Markus Loewe country is already fully utilizing its renewable water resources, nowhere near all of its population has access to safe drinking water – a situation typical of many MENA countries. The risk that this situation entails is that such countries may tap fossil groundwater reserves to supply their populations. The measure would certainly contribute to reaching Target 10 (access to safe drinking water), but it would not be consistent with Target 9 (improvement of environmental and resource protection). Efforts to implement Target 10 must therefore seek to ensure that the measures taken are in every respect sustainable. Otherwise improvements in access to drinking water may be of short duration (i.e. possibly until 2015, after which date a country’s renewable water resources may be exhausted). As an alternative to the use of groundwater reserves, thought should therefore be given to improving water management or – if need be – to desalinization of sea water. There is a considerable amount of contradictory and misleading information available on the implementation of Target 10 in the MENA region. In particular, the data published by UNDP (2003a; 2003b; 2004a) and those from the World Bank (2004e) are in some cases marked by sharp discrepancies. In addition, on many countries of the region no information is available at all and in most countries implementation of Target 10 is measured only quantitatively. The statistics indicate only whether e.g. a household is connected to a water source or – in rural areas – whether there is a well or public water tap with safe water in the immediate vicinity. Often too little attention is paid to whether or not the well or the public water tap are in fact regularly supplied with water and what quality this water has. In any case, many MENA countries will have difficulties in reaching Target 10. Since 1990 too many of them have made too little progress in improving their population’s water supply. In Jordan the proportion of households connected to the public water supply even declined slightly between 1990 and 2001 – even though it remained at a high level (declining from 97 to 96 % of the population). The data available indicate that the supply situation has deteriorated in rural areas in particular (see Table A10, Annex). Even so, Jordan could – thanks to its relatively good initial data – reach Target 10 of the MDG agenda within the period envisioned, assuming it loses no time in taking the measures needed. German Development Institute
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Middle East / North Africa and the
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Studies Deutsches Institut für Ent
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Foreword This study is the English
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Contents Abbreviations Executive Su
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Bibliography 163 List of Interview
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Figure 15: Trends in the implementa
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Table A15: Commitment of the govern
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GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Tech
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UN HABITAT United Nations Human Set
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Markus Loewe ANND (Arab NGO Network
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Markus Loewe - (2003a): Länderberi
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Markus Loewe Clemens, M. / Ch. Kenn
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Markus Loewe Fues, T. (2005): Entwi
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Markus Loewe IMF / OECD / UN / Worl
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Markus Loewe - (2004d): Maßnahmen
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Markus Loewe Pogge, T. (2003): Ein
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Markus Loewe Schüler, D. / S. Klas
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Markus Loewe - (2004a): Human Devel
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Markus Loewe - (2004g): Kingdom of
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Markus Loewe Georg Schüller, Count
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Berichte und Gutachten 11/04 Scholz
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Discussion Paper 16/2006 Brüntrup,
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Middle East / North Africa and the Millennium Development Goals ...

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