Middle East / North Africa and the Millennium Development Goals ...

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Middle East / North Africa and the Millennium Development Goals Labor-force participation and income The main problem facing the region is that the improvements that have been reached on women’s education and health have not yet found expression in improved opportunities for employment, income, and labour-force participation of women (UNDP / AFESD 2002, 28); Weiss 2004b, 8 f.; World Bank 2004 f.). The average labor-force participation rate of women in the MENA countries is lower than the respective rate of all other world regions, and it is also far below the level that would be expected in view of the literacy rates, life expectancy, and fertility rates of women in the region. Figure 6 clearly illustrates this. According to these data, the labor-force participation rate of women in sub-Saharan Africa is roughly as low as in the MENA region. However, the diagram shows only the proportion of women working outside agriculture. In sub-Saharan Africa, a larger percentage of women (and men) are employed in the agricultural sector. As a consequence, on the whole, the labor-force participation of women in the MENA region is roughly 30 %, while the corresponding figures for Latin America (45 %), sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Europe and Central Asia (60 %), and the Pacific region (75 %) are far higher (ESCWA 2005; World Bank 2004 f.). Figure 6 furthermore shows that the employment chances of women in the MENA region have even deteriorated since 1990. Only in Algeria, Oman, and Bahrain has the percentage of women among all nonagricultural workers risen, while it has declined in Yemen (from 9 to 7 %), Jordan (from 23 to 21 %), Saudi Arabia (from 19 to 14 %), and Morocco (from 37 to 27 %). The same is probably true for Kuwait and Mauritania, where the labor-force participation rate of women has declined markedly since 1990 (see Table A5, Annex). Moreover, on average women engaged in gainful employment in the MENA region earn lower incomes than men (Salehi-Isfahani 2000; World Bank 2004 f.). Palestinian women are in a relatively good position in this regard; on average they earn 73 % of their male colleagues. At the same time, the situation in Saudi Arabia and Oman is especially bad, with women earning wages and salaries that amount not even to one quarter of the average earnings of men (see Figure 7 and Table Table A5, Annex). German Development Institute 59
Figure 6: Trends in the implementation of MDG3 (Gender equality on the labor market) Source: Designed by the author, based on data in Table A5, Annex Notes on the abbreviations: MENA = Middle East and North Africa EAP = East Asia and Pacific EECA = Eastern Europe and Central Asia LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean SA = South Asia SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa 60 Markus Loewe One reason for this among others is that an above-average number of working women in the MENA countries have jobs that are generally poorly paid and are employed in economic sectors in which jobs are being shed and wages are declining in relation to average incomes: Most such women are employed in the public sector or the manufacturing sector, above all in the textile industry. German Development Institute
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Middle East / North Africa and the
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Studies Deutsches Institut für Ent
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Foreword This study is the English
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Contents Abbreviations Executive Su
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Bibliography 163 List of Interview
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Figure 15: Trends in the implementa
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Table A15: Commitment of the govern
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GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Tech
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UN HABITAT United Nations Human Set
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Markus Loewe ANND (Arab NGO Network
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Markus Loewe - (2003a): Länderberi
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Markus Loewe Clemens, M. / Ch. Kenn
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Markus Loewe Fues, T. (2005): Entwi
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Markus Loewe IMF / OECD / UN / Worl
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Markus Loewe - (2004d): Maßnahmen
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Markus Loewe Pogge, T. (2003): Ein
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Markus Loewe Schüler, D. / S. Klas
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Markus Loewe - (2004a): Human Devel
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Markus Loewe - (2004g): Kingdom of
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Markus Loewe Georg Schüller, Count
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Berichte und Gutachten 11/04 Scholz
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Discussion Paper 16/2006 Brüntrup,
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