Middle East / North Africa and the Millennium Development Goals ...

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Middle East / North Africa and the Millennium Development Goals According to the Freedom House Index, the MENA region is the only world region (with the possible exception of Central Asia) in which – far from improving since 1990 – the political situation has in fact deteriorated (see Figure 21). The unweighted median of the indicator values for the individual countries in the MENA region has risen between 1990 and 2000 from 5.7 to 5.8 (on the Freedom House Index, the lower a country’s rating, the more liberal it is). At the same time, the median values for sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia and the Pacific, and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have improved radically. The average score of the Latin American and Caribbean countries has also improved, but less markedly. South Asia is the only region whose rating has stagnated. Within the MENA region, the political situation has improved in Kuwait, Yemen, Jordan, Mauritania, and Oman but it has worsened in most other MENA countries. Cancellation of official bilateral debt and provision of additional ODA Target 13 is relevant for only three of the MENA countries. It calls for the provision of additional ODA to low-income countries as well as for the cancellation of their external debt. Within the MENA region, only Mauritania, Yemen, and Sudan are concerned by this goal (see Figure 22). Mauritania and Sudan are so-called heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs) and thus principally eligible for debt relief within the framework of the HIPC initiative that was initiated at the 1998 G8 summit in Cologne and ultimately adopted at the Monterrey Conference in 2002. The precondition for such debt relief is that the eligible country (i) prepares a poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP) that meets the criteria of the World Bank and the IMF, (ii) applies for at least one year the strategies set out in the paper, and (iii) carries out macroeconomic, sectoral, and institutional reforms. Mauritania was the sixth country worldwide that has qualified for the HIPC initiative. It was granted debt relief amounting to 1 US$.1 billion, roughly half of its foreign debt (UNDG 2002, 7). Sudan, however, has thus far failed to meet the conditions set down for debt relief. Yemen has also prepared a PRSP, even though it was never given any prospect of debt relief. The country has managed to reduce its foreign debt appreciably in the course of the 1990s, a development in which relatively high ODA, but even more so the country’s oil exports, has played a major role. Some major oilfields were discovered in Yemen in the early 1990s. German Development Institute 97
Figure 22: Trends in the implementation of MDG8 / Targets 13 and 15 (Solution of debt problems) Source: Designed by the author, based on the data in Table A11, Annex Note: Countries for which no data are available have been omitted. The LDCs in the MENA region are underlined 98 Markus Loewe Aside from Mauritania and Yemen, it is above all Jordan and the Palestinian Territories that benefit from generous ODA (respectively have benefited from it during the last ten years, i.e. before the Hamas won the 2006 parliamentary elections in Palestine). Most of the other countries in the MENA region have seen their ODA inflow drop dramatically in the course of the 1990s. This goes in particular for Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Sudan, and Morocco. Figure 23 shows that ODA transfers to the MENA region are coming more and more to be concentrated on the region’s LDCs (and to the Palestinian Territories, which is due to fact that Figure 23 does not show the most recent trends after the election in Palestine). One exception is Sudan, which – thanks to its present regime as well as to the civil war raging there – now receives less ODA than 15 years ago. Productive employment for youth Target 16 is to develop and implement – in cooperation with developing countries – strategies for decent and productive work for young people. German Development Institute
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Middle East / North Africa and the
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Studies Deutsches Institut für Ent
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Foreword This study is the English
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Contents Abbreviations Executive Su
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Bibliography 163 List of Interview
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Figure 15: Trends in the implementa
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Table A15: Commitment of the govern
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GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Tech
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UN HABITAT United Nations Human Set
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43 German Development Institute Ove
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Markus Loewe ANND (Arab NGO Network
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Markus Loewe - (2003a): Länderberi
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Markus Loewe Clemens, M. / Ch. Kenn
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Markus Loewe Fues, T. (2005): Entwi
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Markus Loewe IMF / OECD / UN / Worl
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Markus Loewe - (2004d): Maßnahmen
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Markus Loewe Pogge, T. (2003): Ein
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Markus Loewe Schüler, D. / S. Klas
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Markus Loewe - (2004a): Human Devel
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Markus Loewe - (2004g): Kingdom of
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Markus Loewe Georg Schüller, Count
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Berichte und Gutachten 11/04 Scholz
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Discussion Paper 16/2006 Brüntrup,
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Middle East / North Africa and the Millennium Development Goals ...

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