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Multiculturalism was adopted as official policy, in several Western nations from the 1970s onward, for reasons that varied from country to country. The great cities of the Western world are increasingly made of a mosaic of cultures. Some express a point of view that multiculturalism promotes peace and understanding between peoples through culture. A third position gaining popularity is the notion that multiculturalism is a new form of monoculture in which no differences exist and everyone just shift between various lifestyles in terms of music, cloth and other aspects within one single culture. The global domination of American culture at the expense of traditional diversity goes on. B. One of the spheres where cross-cultural contacts are most apparent is architecture. In every city today you will find high-rise houses made of stone, steel and glass. Some of them are virtual pieces of modern architecture while many of them make the city faceless. Such high rise houses were considered to be a solution to the housing problem. But life proved that many of them are not comfortable places to live in. They are located in congested, noisy areas and lack playgrounds. C. Modern cities have other problems as well–pollution, traffic jams, ghettos, etc. The heads of the city are trying to find ways out of these problems. Since the introduction of the motor car at the beginning of the century, our roads have become more and more congested and our cities increasingly polluted. In Mexico City, for example, where there are over two million cars, children are used to smog. It is said that the damage caused to children’s lungs is the same as that from smoking two packets of cigarettes a day. Seen from up the air, such cities as London and Los Angeles appear to be covered in a blanket of cloud that is, in a fact, the haze of pollution. Car manufacturers and city planners are now hard working to try and control the number of vehicles and improve the way they run to make them less polluting. One major advance has been the development of the electric car. Using batteries, these vehicles are able to move quietly around. Cities are trying to introduce new traffic laws. London had the worst traffic in the UK and was one of the worst cities in Europe. Drivers spent 50% of their time in traffic jams. and pollution was terrible. In 2003, the mayor of London made a new law to help reduce traffic. It costs 8 pounds a day to drive in central London. More people use public transport and bicycles now in London because of this law. Traffic is bad.....but not too bad. 103
<strong>Focus</strong> on Words Collection of words 1 a. What styles do these pictures represent? 3 4 2 5 b. Describing architectural structures nouns: high –rise buildings, skyscraper, bungalow, hut, cabin, mansion, detached/ semi-detached apartment houses, dwelling, town-house, castle, tower, dome, cathedral, church, cloister, flanks verbs: give upon, look out on, command a lovely view; put up/ erect /knock down adjective: a. quality -spacious, monumental magnificent; wooden, brick, stone, solid location: located in a fashionable /overpopulated area/ in the slums/ downtown/ uptown/in a tree-shaded/ sunny area WORDS IN USE Insert the words: skyscraper, glass and steel, viewing platform, have a panoramic view. THE BANK of CHINA TOWER is situated in Hong Kong. The design was made by Ieoh Ming Pei. It is ... with 70 floors. It is 367 metres high. The style of the building is modern and it symbolizes strength and growth. It is made of ... . There is a small ..., which is open to the public. The platform is on the 42 nd floor, so visitors can ... of the whole city. It is one of the tallest buildings in Hong Kong and is used for offices. 104
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Ս. Բաղդասարյան, Ս. Գ
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world in which information can be e
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Fact File • China has become the
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3. Translate into Armenian. 1. We h
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The interviewer: Yes, brain drain.
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Focus on Grammar H
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4. Our new coach is popular... the
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Unit 2 Work Trends Before you read
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1. Translate into Armenian. 1. We d
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Focus on Phonetics
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Fact file In Denmark teachers are a
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MIXED TENSES 4. Choose the right ve
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Willy Smith, the foreman, was quite
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c. What can the results of your eff
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abolish armies and to hold and prom
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and most obscurely, yet most powerf
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3. If you set up home, this means t
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Have you ever tried to memorise som
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Sentence Connectors Explanation: Jo
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Check up 1 HOW GOOD IS YOUR ENGLISH
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5. a person who flies an airplane 6
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Unit 4 Communication Before you rea
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1. Insert words from the vocabulary
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Read the text and discuss the prove
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Formal speech: Due to a period of h
Page 51 and 52: So what differentiates them? Left-h
Page 53 and 54: on the stage? What would happen? It
Page 55 and 56: A CUP OF TEA (the end of the story)
Page 57 and 58: 1. a. had to b. could c. should d.
Page 59 and 60: 3. In the US we say ‘hello’ and
Page 61 and 62: Deforestation. The removal of fores
Page 63 and 64: . Finish the sentences giving your
Page 65 and 66: of volcanoes. The Hawaiian Islands
Page 67 and 68: some of the oil in the water or tra
Page 69 and 70: 6. There floods recently in the Afr
Page 71 and 72: The most marketed-to generation in
Page 73 and 74: 1. Insert the words. 1. I spent all
Page 75 and 76: ARRANGING WORDS What can you buy in
Page 77 and 78: Focus on Phonetics
Page 79 and 80: custom colour customs (ëáíáñá
Page 81 and 82: Trouble spot Because is followed by
Page 83 and 84: In 1969 ARPANET, the original Inter
Page 85 and 86: 1. Insert the missing words. 1. San
Page 87 and 88: 2. Research scientists will find cu
Page 89 and 90: WORDS IN USE Insert the words: math
Page 91 and 92: Comprehension 1. Find the passage w
Page 93 and 94: 4. a. have graduated b. had graduat
Page 95 and 96: 4. Scientists consider this a uniqu
Page 97 and 98: c. They cannot stop looking at the
Page 99 and 100: 6. Which of the sentences is the be
Page 101: Unit 8 Multiculturalism Monument to
Page 105 and 106: Hong Kong With skyscrapers that def
Page 107 and 108: planet. Understanding the religious
Page 109 and 110: Work on Words awe n a feeling of gr
Page 111 and 112: The poem then jumps fifty years int
Page 113 and 114: 2. Insert the words dealing with, d
Page 115 and 116: 1. a. each b. both c. by d. an 2. a
Page 117 and 118: UNIT 9 A Feeling of Style Literary
Page 119 and 120: Before you read 1. Do you enjoy an
Page 121 and 122: Reviewing Dickens Rising to greatne
Page 123 and 124: Pause. Ask a man a civil question h
Page 125 and 126: EMPHASIS Explanation: Inversion Inv
Page 127 and 128: UNIT 10 Inspiration And Creation DI
Page 129 and 130: Freelance photography involves gett
Page 131 and 132: every place where noisy skateboarde
Page 133 and 134: 1. Read the following words and wri
Page 135 and 136: 2.Very often in order to be express
Page 137 and 138: Focus on Grammar P
Page 139 and 140: 5. a. “Isn’t art more satisfyin
Page 141 and 142: eliable source) tabloid, current af
Page 143 and 144: Read the text and answer the questi
Page 145 and 146: Read the text and discuss it. In ab
Page 147 and 148: Check up 3 HOW GOOD IS YOUR ENGLISH
Page 149 and 150: completely or disappear. Most of (7
Page 151 and 152: Gapped Text 8. Fill A-D into the nu
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Ծանոթություն` 1. Past S
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Table 8: Tense Chart Ժամանակ
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Past simple was/were + participle I
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Table 14: Nouns (Գոյական) A
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Անդրադարձ (Reflexive) Շե
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Գերադրական (Superlative)
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3. Եթե խնդիր երկրորդ
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e back վերադառնալ be in
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lie lay lain պառկել light lit
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Some criticize the idea that humans
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VOCABULARY 1 A abolish [@¹bOlIS] v
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civilization [ ¹ sIvIlaI¹zeISn] n
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describe [dIs¹kraIb] v նկարա
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famous [feIm@s] a հայտնի farc
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intelligence [In¹telIdZ@ns] n խե
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occurrence [@¹kör@ns] n պատա
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eference [ ¹ refr@ns] n մեջբե
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talent [ ¹ t{l@nt] n տաղանդ
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Contents Unit 1 Modern world: Globa
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