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Past Perfect Progressive Future Simple Had been Ving shall/will +V ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝ, áñÁ ëÏëí»É ¿ ³ÝóÛ³ÉáõÙ ¨ ï¨áõÙ ¿ ÙÇÝã¨ ³ÝóÛ³ÉÇ Ù»Ï ³ÛÉ å³ÑÁ: ա) ապառնի գործողություն. բ) իրար հաջորդող ապառնի գործողություններ: He had travelled a lot before he went to Africa. Նա շատ էր ճամփորդել նախքան Աֆրիկա գնալը: She had passed her exams by the end of June. Նա հանձնել էր քննություն ները մինչև հունիսի վերջը: They had been talking for an hour before Andy came. How long had you been studying English before you entered the university? I’ll let you know in two days. Ես քեզ կտեղեկացնեմ 2 օրից: I’ll take a walk and on my way back I’ll buy you a newspaper. Ես զբոսանքի եմ գնալու և վերադարնալիս լրագիր կգնեմ քեզ համար: Table 9: The verb Tense Forms in Active Voice կերպ ժամանակ Present Past Future նախ. տեսակ ժխտական հարցական ժխտական հարցական Past Perfect had + V3 Անցյալ ժամանակակետից առաջ ավարտված գործողություն: հաստատական հաստատական հաստատական ժխտական հարցական SIMPLE Պարզ (Բայի ժամանակային ձևերը չեզոք սեռում) I/you/we/they do. He/she/it does. I/you/we/they do not do. He/she/it does not do. Do I/you/we/they do? Does he/she/it do? I/you/he/she/it/we/they did. I/you/he/she/it/we/they did not do. Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they do? I/we shall do. You/he/she/it/they will do. I/we shall not do. You/he/she/it/they will not do. Shall I/we do? Will you/he/she/it/we/they do? PROGRESSIVE Շարունակական I am doing. You/we/they are doing. He/she/it is doing. I am not doing. You/we/they are not doing. He/she/it is not doing. Am I doing? Are you/we/they doing? Is he/she/it doing? I/he/she was doing? You/we/they were doing. I/he/she/it was not doing. You/we/they were not doing. Was I/he/she/it doing? Were you/we/they doing? I/we shall be doing. You/he/she/it/they will be doing. I/we shall not be doing. You/he/she/it/they will not be doing. Shall I/we be doing? Will you/he/she/it/they be doing? Table 10: The Verb Tense Forms in Passive Voice PERFECT Վաղակատար Past Indefinite ձևով արտահայտված գործողություն պարագայական կապակցություն for ... weeks, etc all week by 5 o’ clock tomorrow – վաղը next week – հաջորդ շաբաթ next year – հաջորդ տարի in (two) days – (երկու) օրից I/you/we/they have done. He/she/it has done. I/you/we/they have not done. He/she/it has not done. Have I/you/we/they done? Has he/she/it done? I/you/he/she/it/we/they had done. I/you/he/she/is/we/they had not done. Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they done? I/we shall have done. You/he/she/it/they will have done. I/we shall not have done. You/he/she/it/they will not have done. Shall I/we have done? Will you/he/she/it/they have done? (Բայի ժամանակաձևերը կրավորական սեռում) Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Îñ³íáñ³Ï³Ý ë»é úñÇÝ³Ï noun + be in the correct form + participle II (by/with + noun) Present simple am/is/are + participle II The letter is written. Present progressive am/is/are + Ving + participle II The letter is being written. Present perfect has/have been + participleII The letter has been written. 157
Past simple was/were + participle II The letter was written. Past progressive was/were + Ving + participle II The letter was being written. Past perfect had been + participle II The letter had been written. Future simple will be + participle II The letter will be written. Modal modal + be + participle II The letter must be written Ծանոթություն` 1. Կրավորական սեռը օգտագործվում է այն դեպքում, երբ գործողություն կատարող անձը հայտնի չէ կամ կարևոր չէ. օրինակ՝ This house was built in the XIV century. Այս տունը կառուցվել է 19-րդ դարում: 2. Կրավորական սեռը անգլերենում ավելի լայն կիրառություն ունի, քան հայերենում: Հայերենում կրավորական կառույցի ենթակա է լինում համապատասխան ներգործական կառույցի ուղիղ խնդիրը: Անգլերենում կրավորական կառույցի ենթակա կարող են լինել ներգործական կառույցի ուղիղ, անուղղակի և նախդրավոր խնդիրները: Active Passive Active Passive I gave a book to each of the boys. A book was given to each of the boys. Մեկական գիրք տրվեց տղաներից յուրաքանչյուրին: Each of the boys was given a book. Տղաներից յուրաքանչյուրին տրվեց մեկական գիրք: They spoke much of him. He was much spoken of. Նրա մասին շատ էին խոսում: 3. Անգլերենի կրավորական սեռի ձևերը թարգմանվում են հայերեն կրավորական սեռի բայերով (կրավորական կառուցվածքներով) կամ անորոշդիմավոր նախադասության ներգործական սեռի բայով. օրինակ՝ The letter was sent in the morning. Նամակը ուղարկվեց առավոտյան: Նամակն ուղարկեցին առավոտյան: Table 11: Infinitive or ing Verbs normally followed by the infinitive form: Verbs normally followed by the gerund form:- Verbs followed by the gerund or infinitive form with no change in meaning afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, care, choose, claim, come, dare, decide, demand, deserve, determine, elect, expect, fail, get, hate, help, hesitate, hope, hurry, intend, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, say, seem, tend, threaten, want, wish acknowledge, admit, adore, appreciate, avoid, celebrate, confess, delay, deny, describe, detest, discuss, dislike, endure, enjoy, fancy, finish, imagine, involve, keep, justify, mention , mind, miss, omit, postpone, practice, quit, recommend, regret, report, resume, risk, suggest, tolerate, understand begin, continue, hate, like, love, neglect, prefer, start, try Verbs followed by the gerund and infinitive with a change in meaning forget to do: I forgot to feed the cat. (The cat is hungry.) forget doing: I forgot feeding the cat. (I forgot that I had fed the cat.) regret to do: I regret to tell you that your flight is delayed. (I’m sorry but I must say that your flight is delayed.) regret doing: I regret telling him the truth. (I regret that I told him the truth.) remember to do: I remember to buy some bread. (I remember that I must buy some bread.) remember doing: I remember buying some bread. (I remember that I bought some bread.) stop to do: We stopped to drink some water. (We stopped in order to drink some water.) stop doing: try to do: He tried to climb the tree, but he fell down. (He made an effort to climb the tree, but failed.) try doing: I can’t find Carol anywhere. – Try phoning her mother. (Phone her mother as an experiment.) 158
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Ս. Բաղդասարյան, Ս. Գ
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world in which information can be e
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Fact File • China has become the
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3. Translate into Armenian. 1. We h
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The interviewer: Yes, brain drain.
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Focus on Grammar H
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4. Our new coach is popular... the
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Unit 2 Work Trends Before you read
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1. Translate into Armenian. 1. We d
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Focus on Phonetics
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Fact file In Denmark teachers are a
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MIXED TENSES 4. Choose the right ve
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Willy Smith, the foreman, was quite
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c. What can the results of your eff
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abolish armies and to hold and prom
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and most obscurely, yet most powerf
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3. If you set up home, this means t
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Have you ever tried to memorise som
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Sentence Connectors Explanation: Jo
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Check up 1 HOW GOOD IS YOUR ENGLISH
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5. a person who flies an airplane 6
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Unit 4 Communication Before you rea
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1. Insert words from the vocabulary
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Read the text and discuss the prove
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Formal speech: Due to a period of h
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So what differentiates them? Left-h
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on the stage? What would happen? It
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A CUP OF TEA (the end of the story)
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1. a. had to b. could c. should d.
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3. In the US we say ‘hello’ and
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Deforestation. The removal of fores
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. Finish the sentences giving your
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of volcanoes. The Hawaiian Islands
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some of the oil in the water or tra
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6. There floods recently in the Afr
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The most marketed-to generation in
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1. Insert the words. 1. I spent all
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ARRANGING WORDS What can you buy in
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Focus on Phonetics
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custom colour customs (ëáíáñá
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Trouble spot Because is followed by
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In 1969 ARPANET, the original Inter
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1. Insert the missing words. 1. San
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2. Research scientists will find cu
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WORDS IN USE Insert the words: math
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Comprehension 1. Find the passage w
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4. a. have graduated b. had graduat
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4. Scientists consider this a uniqu
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c. They cannot stop looking at the
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6. Which of the sentences is the be
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Unit 8 Multiculturalism Monument to
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Focus on Words Col
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Page 107 and 108: planet. Understanding the religious
Page 109 and 110: Work on Words awe n a feeling of gr
Page 111 and 112: The poem then jumps fifty years int
Page 113 and 114: 2. Insert the words dealing with, d
Page 115 and 116: 1. a. each b. both c. by d. an 2. a
Page 117 and 118: UNIT 9 A Feeling of Style Literary
Page 119 and 120: Before you read 1. Do you enjoy an
Page 121 and 122: Reviewing Dickens Rising to greatne
Page 123 and 124: Pause. Ask a man a civil question h
Page 125 and 126: EMPHASIS Explanation: Inversion Inv
Page 127 and 128: UNIT 10 Inspiration And Creation DI
Page 129 and 130: Freelance photography involves gett
Page 131 and 132: every place where noisy skateboarde
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Page 135 and 136: 2.Very often in order to be express
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Page 139 and 140: 5. a. “Isn’t art more satisfyin
Page 141 and 142: eliable source) tabloid, current af
Page 143 and 144: Read the text and answer the questi
Page 145 and 146: Read the text and discuss it. In ab
Page 147 and 148: Check up 3 HOW GOOD IS YOUR ENGLISH
Page 149 and 150: completely or disappear. Most of (7
Page 151 and 152: Gapped Text 8. Fill A-D into the nu
Page 153 and 154: Ծանոթություն` 1. Past S
Page 155: Table 8: Tense Chart Ժամանակ
Page 159 and 160: Table 14: Nouns (Գոյական) A
Page 161 and 162: Անդրադարձ (Reflexive) Շե
Page 163 and 164: Գերադրական (Superlative)
Page 165 and 166: 3. Եթե խնդիր երկրորդ
Page 167 and 168: e back վերադառնալ be in
Page 169 and 170: lie lay lain պառկել light lit
Page 171 and 172: Some criticize the idea that humans
Page 173 and 174: VOCABULARY 1 A abolish [@¹bOlIS] v
Page 175 and 176: civilization [ ¹ sIvIlaI¹zeISn] n
Page 177 and 178: describe [dIs¹kraIb] v նկարա
Page 179 and 180: famous [feIm@s] a հայտնի farc
Page 181 and 182: intelligence [In¹telIdZ@ns] n խե
Page 183 and 184: occurrence [@¹kör@ns] n պատա
Page 185 and 186: eference [ ¹ refr@ns] n մեջբե
Page 187 and 188: talent [ ¹ t{l@nt] n տաղանդ
Page 189: Contents Unit 1 Modern world: Globa
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