Atomic Weapons Research Establishment. Orford ... - English Heritage

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Figure 24: View of the area to the east of the AWRE boundary fence, showing to the top the circular Antenna base H50 and linear arrays to its north and south. The dark section of track marks where it has been diverted around one of the arrays. OS/65054 V029 30 April 1965 (c) Crown Copyright. Ordnance Survey © ENGLISH HERITAGE 38 10 - 2009
Laboratories 1, 2 and 3 To the west, the first development phase comprised three main structures, Laboratory 1 F3/123, Laboratory 2 F1/125, and Laboratory 3 F2/126/128, also associated with Laboratory 1 was the Control Room F4/127/67. To move heavy construction plant across Stony Ditch it appears that a shingle causeway was created to the southeast of the First World War Barracks C1/18. From this point a concrete road was laid towards the Control Room F4/124 and another toward Laboratory 2 F1/125. As discussed above a new road was also laid from the existing bridging point at the north eastern end of The Street towards the Black Beacon G1/40. This is a well constructed road with kerbs to either side and is surfaced in asphalt and it was probably along this road that the test devices were brought. From the headquarters area the road heads southwest towards the Control Room F4 after which point it splits, a southerly branch heading towards to Laboratory 2 F1/125 and a northerly arm towards Laboratories 1 F3/123 and 3 F2/126. At the time these laboratories were designed the standard casing for large air dropped nuclear devices was the one used for the first generation of operational nuclear weapons known as Blue Danube. It was large and measured 24ft (7.3m) in length with a maximum diameter of 5ft (1.52m) and weighed 10,000lb (4636kg), its size determined by the dimensions of its warhead. Britain’s first operational warhead, the Mark I, also contained around 2.50 tons of conventional high explosives (Cocroft and Thomas 2003, 30). As discussed above this casing had been extensively proven by trial drops over <strong>Orford</strong> Ness, and there was probably also an element of expediency and economy to use casings that were already held in stock for a number of later warheads. Given its large size, for trials work it was able to accommodate newer models of warheads, such as the interim megaton device Orange Herald. Combined with a Blue Danube casing it was known as Violet Club or Knobkerry and was issued briefly to the RAF between 1958 and 1959. The size of the Blue Danube casing, the relatively large amounts of conventional high explosives used within 1950s nuclear warheads, the proposed trial routines and safety all contributed to the form of the test buildings. Travelling from the headquarters area the first major structure of this period encountered is Laboratory 1, or the Large Vibration Laboratory F3/123 (Figures 10 and 49). As its name suggests the function of this laboratory was to gently vibrate a fully assembled weapon, minus its fissile core, to simulate the types of stresses it might undergo while being transported by road or in the air. Laboratory 1 is a massive reinforced concrete structure with a large central bay measuring 30.69m (100ft) by 9.13m (30ft) and was designed to mitigate against the effects of an accidental explosion. Its concrete walls were given extra mass by the shingle traverse placed around them, which would tend to force blast vertically rather than laterally. The roof was also a relatively weak structure comprising nine steel W-shaped trusses and clad in aluminium sheeting, insulated with cork and covered in weather proof felt. The original requirement for this building was to test the Mark I atomic bomb and the Red Beard tactical weapon. It was envisaged that two chambers would be required, one for the assembly of the weapon and drop-tests with an impact loading of up to 200 tons. As it name implies in a droptest a weapon would be released from given height to simulate a ground handling mishap. A second chamber would be required for vibration tests (TNA: PRO AVIA 65/1258). © ENGLISH HERITAGE 39 10 - 2009
Page 1 and 2: RESEARCH DEPARTMENT REPORT SERIES n
Page 3: Research Department Report Series 1
Page 6 and 7: © ENGLISH HERITAGE 2009 10 -
Page 8 and 9: Sources 64 Primary sources 64 Secon
Page 10 and 11: Introduction The Atomic Weapons Res
Page 12 and 13: Topography and land use Orford Ness
Page 14 and 15: Previous archaeological and histori
Page 16 and 17: The First World War In 1915, the Ar
Page 18 and 19: Figure 4: Photograph taken during t
Page 20 and 21: sorties were flown from RAF Martles
Page 22 and 23: Ballistics Building and was able to
Page 24 and 25: With the closure of the Ministry of
Page 26 and 27: Figure 11: Vibration Test Buildings
Page 28 and 29: Figure 12: WE177A freefall tactical
Page 30 and 31: Orford Ness formally passed from AW
Page 32 and 33: Figure 14: RAF Orford Ness in May 1
Page 34 and 35: Figure 16: The remains of the Model
Page 36 and 37: hostel. Adjacent to this is the sit
Page 38 and 39: Figure 21: First World War Magazine
Page 40 and 41: First phase AWRE buildings Air phot
Page 44 and 45: Figure 25: Laboratory 1 F3/123 show
Page 46 and 47: on its northeast side that gave acc
Page 48 and 49: To support the functions of this bu
Page 50 and 51: The centrifuge arm was 16ft (4.88m)
Page 52 and 53: Figure 32: The Control Room E4, sho
Page 54 and 55: Figure 34: Vibration Laboratory E2,
Page 56 and 57: was supported on concrete piers. Th
Page 58 and 59: Figure 38: The Impact Facility F5,
Page 60 and 61: uildings, are covered by a shingle
Page 62 and 63: for solitary sheep and cattle graze
Page 64 and 65: Figure 42: AWRE in July 1958, by th
Page 66 and 67: programme, the development of the W
Page 68 and 69: Sources Primary sources The Nationa
Page 70 and 71: Secondary sources Anon 1931 ‘Radi
Page 72 and 73: Building list This list was compile
Page 74 and 75: 62 7 ton crane - quay 63 7 ton cran
Page 76 and 77: 125 F1 1956 Lab II & control room (
Page 78 and 79: Magazine AREA/LOCATION: STRUCTURE N
Page 80 and 81: Fuze Magazine AREA/LOCATION: STRUCT
Page 82 and 83: Fuze Magazine AREA/LOCATION: STRUCT
Page 84 and 85: a cruciform framework to support th
Page 86 and 87: Vibration Test Building AREA/LOCATI
Page 88 and 89: are 3 large concrete machinery moun
Page 90 and 91: At the south end of the main plant
Page 92 and 93:
At the east end there is a slightly
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a similar sign on the south door re
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Electrical Sub Station 2 AREA/LOCAT
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Laboratory 2 AREA/LOCATION: STRUCTU
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Laboratory 3 AREA/LOCATION: STRUCTU
Page 102 and 103:
ing the shingle traverse and protec
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and running along the north wall. T
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cylinder. Roughly in the centre of
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tion board/fuse box, and a single s
Page 110 and 111:
Impact Facility AREA/LOCATION: STRU
Page 112 and 113:
Plinth E AREA/LOCATION: STRUCTURE N
Page 114 and 115:
Black Beacon AREA/LOCATION: STRUCTU
Page 116 and 117:
Headquarters AREA/LOCATION: STRUCTU
Page 118 and 119:
Small Vibration Laboratory AREA/LOC
Page 120 and 121:
Office Annexe AREA/LOCATION: STRUCT
Page 122 and 123:
Compound AREA/LOCATION: G Area STRU
Page 124 and 125:
Electronics Workshop AREA/LOCATION:
Page 126 and 127:
Plinth G AREA/LOCATION: Lighthouse
Page 128 and 129:
Figure 44: Reference plan (1:10000
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Figure 46: West end of The Street (
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Figure 48: AWRE headquarters area (
Page 134 and 135:
Figure 50: Laboratory F5 (1:1000 at
Page 136 and 137:
Figure 52: Pagodas and Control Room
Page 138:
ENGLISH HERITAGE RESEARCH DEPARTMEN
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