Guide on Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples

“leakage,” difficulty in accurately monitoring improved performance,permanence or the need to ensure that forests that have contributed toemissions reduction remain intact over time.• Scale – National, sub-national or on a per project basis? How abouta regional approach? If REDD is done on a sub-national basis or on aper-project basis, leakage in other areas might cancel out emissionsreductions that have been gained. The same case with forests whichcut across national boundaries, e.g., Congo Basin, Mekong Region, etc.For example, REDD gains achieved in the Democratic Republic of Congowill be canceled out if deforestation continues in Cameroon; gains inVietnam can be canceled out if the forests of Cambodia get deforested.For indigenous peoples, however, sub-national scale and project-scale ismore appropriate because their territories are usually at a sub-nationallevel. If the scale is just national, then there is a big risk that they will beexcluded in decision-making.• Definition of forests and of forest degradation - What are forests?Are plantations considered forests? Is the FAO definition of forestsacceptable? What other definitions can be used, if FAO definition is notgood enough? Are peat or mangrove forests included in REDD? What isforest degradation?• Role of the UNDRIP in the design, implementation and monitoringof REDD – The UNDRIP has to be one of the main policy frameworkswhich will underpin the design, implementation and monitoring ofREDD. This means that REDD projects should respect the UNDRIP. Howwill this be ensured?What is the Phased Approach for REDD+?How does this relate to funding?This proposal was presented by Norway and has gained support from manytropical forest countries and donor countries. It delineates which part ofthe REDD work will be funded by public funds and from market-basedfunds. The key principles are:• effectiveness - Is it achieving emissions reductions?• efficiency - Is the target achieved with the least cost?• equity and multiple benefits - Are benefits distributed equitably and arethe other benefits, i.e., biodiversity conservation, rights of indigenouspeoples' respected, among others, also achieved?Phase 1 – Building a REDD+ Strategy• Also called Readiness Phase where countries who volunteer to doREDD will lay the basic foundations on the ground. This means94 <strong>Guide</strong> on Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples