c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong>.3. The Parties should take precauti<strong>on</strong>ary measures to anticipate, prevent orminimize the causes of climate change <strong>and</strong> mitigate its adverse effects. Where thereare threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty should notbe used as a reas<strong>on</strong> for postp<strong>on</strong>ing such measures, taking into account that policies<strong>and</strong> measures to deal with climate change should be cost-effective so as to ensureglobal benefits at the lowest possible cost. To achieve this, such policies <strong>and</strong> measuresshould take into account different socio-ec<strong>on</strong>omic c<strong>on</strong>texts, be comprehensive, coverall relevant sources, sinks <strong>and</strong> reservoirs of greenhouse gases <strong>and</strong> adaptati<strong>on</strong>, <strong>and</strong>comprise all ec<strong>on</strong>omic sectors. Efforts to address climate change may be carried outcooperatively by interested Parties.4. The Parties have a right to, <strong>and</strong> should, promote sustainable development.Policies <strong>and</strong> measures to protect the climate system against human-induced changeshould be appropriate for the specific c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of each Party <strong>and</strong> should beintegrated with nati<strong>on</strong>al development programmes, taking into account that ec<strong>on</strong>omicdevelopment is essential for adopting measures to address climate change.5. The Parties should cooperate to promote a supportive <strong>and</strong> open internati<strong>on</strong>alec<strong>on</strong>omic system that would lead to sustainable ec<strong>on</strong>omic growth <strong>and</strong> development inall Parties, particularly developing country Parties, thus enabling them better to addressthe problems of climate change. Measures taken to combat climate change, includingunilateral <strong>on</strong>es, should not c<strong>on</strong>stitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discriminati<strong>on</strong>or a disguised restricti<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> internati<strong>on</strong>al trade.Article 4COMMITMENTS1. All Parties, taking into account their comm<strong>on</strong> but differentiated resp<strong>on</strong>sibilities<strong>and</strong> their specific nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>and</strong> regi<strong>on</strong>al development priorities, objectives <strong>and</strong>circumstances, shall:(a) Develop, periodically update, publish <strong>and</strong> make available to theC<strong>on</strong>ference of the Parties, in accordance with Article 12, nati<strong>on</strong>al inventories ofanthropogenic emissi<strong>on</strong>s by sources <strong>and</strong> removals by sinks of all greenhouse gasesnot c<strong>on</strong>trolled by the M<strong>on</strong>treal Protocol, using comparable methodologies to be agreedup<strong>on</strong> by the C<strong>on</strong>ference of the Parties;(b) Formulate, implement, publish <strong>and</strong> regularly update nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>and</strong>,where appropriate, regi<strong>on</strong>al programmes c<strong>on</strong>taining measures to mitigate climatechange by addressing anthropogenic emissi<strong>on</strong>s by sources <strong>and</strong> removals by sinks of allgreenhouse gases not c<strong>on</strong>trolled by the M<strong>on</strong>treal Protocol, <strong>and</strong> measures to facilitateadequate adaptati<strong>on</strong> to climate change;(c) Promote <strong>and</strong> cooperate in the development, applicati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> diffusi<strong>on</strong>,including transfer, of technologies, practices <strong>and</strong> processes that c<strong>on</strong>trol, reduce orprevent anthropogenic emissi<strong>on</strong>s of greenhouse gases not c<strong>on</strong>trolled by the M<strong>on</strong>trealProtocol in all relevant sectors, including the energy, transport, industry, agriculture,forestry <strong>and</strong> waste management sectors;154 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Guide</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Indigenous</strong> <strong>Peoples</strong>
(d) Promote sustainable management, <strong>and</strong> promote <strong>and</strong> cooperatein the c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> enhancement, as appropriate, of sinks <strong>and</strong> reservoirs of allgreenhouse gases not c<strong>on</strong>trolled by the M<strong>on</strong>treal Protocol, including biomass, forests<strong>and</strong> oceans as well as other terrestrial, coastal <strong>and</strong> marine ecosystems;(e) Cooperate in preparing for adaptati<strong>on</strong> to the impacts of climatechange; develop <strong>and</strong> elaborate appropriate <strong>and</strong> integrated plans for coastal z<strong>on</strong>emanagement, water resources <strong>and</strong> agriculture, <strong>and</strong> for the protecti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> rehabilitati<strong>on</strong>of areas, particularly in Africa, affected by drought <strong>and</strong> desertificati<strong>on</strong>, as well as floods;(f) Take climate change c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong>s into account, to the extentfeasible, in their relevant social, ec<strong>on</strong>omic <strong>and</strong> envir<strong>on</strong>mental policies <strong>and</strong> acti<strong>on</strong>s,<strong>and</strong> employ appropriate methods, for example impact assessments, formulated <strong>and</strong>determined nati<strong>on</strong>ally, with a view to minimizing adverse effects <strong>on</strong> the ec<strong>on</strong>omy, <strong>on</strong>public health <strong>and</strong> <strong>on</strong> the quality of the envir<strong>on</strong>ment, of projects or measures undertakenby them to mitigate or adapt to climate change;(g) Promote <strong>and</strong> cooperate in scientific, technological, technical, socioec<strong>on</strong>omic<strong>and</strong> other research, systematic observati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> development of data archivesrelated to the climate system <strong>and</strong> intended to further the underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>and</strong> to reduceor eliminate the remaining uncertainties regarding the causes, effects, magnitude<strong>and</strong> timing of climate change <strong>and</strong> the ec<strong>on</strong>omic <strong>and</strong> social c<strong>on</strong>sequences of variousresp<strong>on</strong>se strategies;(h) Promote <strong>and</strong> cooperate in the full, open <strong>and</strong> prompt exchange ofrelevant scientific, technological, technical, socio-ec<strong>on</strong>omic <strong>and</strong> legal informati<strong>on</strong>related to the climate system <strong>and</strong> climate change, <strong>and</strong> to the ec<strong>on</strong>omic <strong>and</strong> socialc<strong>on</strong>sequences of various resp<strong>on</strong>se strategies;(i) Promote <strong>and</strong> cooperate in educati<strong>on</strong>, training <strong>and</strong> public awarenessrelated to climate change <strong>and</strong> encourage the widest participati<strong>on</strong> in this process,including that of n<strong>on</strong>-governmental organizati<strong>on</strong>s; <strong>and</strong>(j) Communicate to the C<strong>on</strong>ference of the Parties informati<strong>on</strong> related toimplementati<strong>on</strong>, in accordance with Article 12.2. The developed country Parties <strong>and</strong> other Parties included in Annex I committhemselves specifically as provided for in the following:(a) Each of these Parties shall adopt nati<strong>on</strong>al 1 policies <strong>and</strong> takecorresp<strong>on</strong>ding measures <strong>on</strong> the mitigati<strong>on</strong> of climate change, by limiting itsanthropogenic emissi<strong>on</strong>s of greenhouse gases <strong>and</strong> protecting <strong>and</strong> enhancing itsgreenhouse gas sinks <strong>and</strong> reservoirs. These policies <strong>and</strong> measures will dem<strong>on</strong>stratethat developed countries are taking the lead in modifying l<strong>on</strong>ger-term trends inanthropogenic emissi<strong>on</strong>s c<strong>on</strong>sistent with the objective of the C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>, recognizingthat the return by the end of the present decade to earlier levels of anthropogenicemissi<strong>on</strong>s of carb<strong>on</strong> dioxide <strong>and</strong> other greenhouse gases not c<strong>on</strong>trolled by theM<strong>on</strong>treal Protocol would c<strong>on</strong>tribute to such modificati<strong>on</strong>, <strong>and</strong> taking into account thedifferences in these Parties’ starting points <strong>and</strong> approaches, ec<strong>on</strong>omic structures <strong>and</strong>resource bases, the need to maintain str<strong>on</strong>g <strong>and</strong> sustainable ec<strong>on</strong>omic growth, availabletechnologies <strong>and</strong> other individual circumstances, as well as the need for equitable <strong>and</strong>appropriate c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s by each of these Parties to the global effort regarding that1This includes policies <strong>and</strong> measures adopted by regi<strong>on</strong>al ec<strong>on</strong>omic integrati<strong>on</strong>organizati<strong>on</strong>s.Annexes 155
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Guide on Climate C
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• Our ancestors and we, the prese
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effect. As humans emit more carbon
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affected by industrial and other em
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What is Joint Implementation (JI)?J
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Endnotes:1 Greenhouse gases which a
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y forced use of heavily contaminate
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• Incessant rains in high altitud
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vulnerable to environmental degrada
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• The IPCC Fourth Assessment Repo
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BuildingsIndustryAgricultureForestr
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• For indigenous peoples: indigen
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Box 2Mt. Elgon National Park in Uga
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harvested, these shouldbe transport
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Box 4Western Arnhem Fire Management
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of climate change. Thus, there isa
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• Focus - Urgent and immediate ne
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activities according to the obligat
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• Some supplement their subsisten
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Aside from the cases presented abov
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ExchangeResourcemanagement• Using
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Part VREDD/REDD+and Indigenous Peop
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Figure 2. Annual Global Emissions f
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sequestration, ensure soilfertility
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4What are the mitigation optionsund
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governance of forests (e.g., Tropic
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UNPFII 7th Session Recommendations
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ecommendation on the needto respect
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Mechanisms and Trust Funds of the F
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R-PP - ReadinessPreparation Proposa
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UNPFII 7th Session Report recommend
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conservation and sustainableuse of
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Aims of UN-REDDTo assist developing
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Key document underpinningUN-REDD Pr
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continue their unsustainable and hi
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10On the other hand, what are theop
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strengthen the implementation of UN
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11What is an example of an indigeno
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Photo credit: AMAN.Regulation on Re
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Photo credit: AMAN.including indige
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• Conclusion: This case study sho
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• This workshop, held in March200
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What are the key issues beingnegoti
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“leakage,” difficulty in accura
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• Proxy means that simplified but
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18 This is a document entitled “C
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2Why is Biodiversityimportant?The v
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the territories in which indigenous
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