Guide on Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples

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Box 2Mt. Elgon National Park in Uganda 8The Benet people inhabit the area around the Mt. Elgon National Park. In l994, a Dutchorganization - FACE Foundation (Forests Absorbing Carbon Dioxide Emissions) - signedan agreement with the Uganda Wildlife Association (UWA) to plant eucalyptus trees on25,000 hectares inside the park. Another Dutch Company, GreenSeat, has been sellingthe supposedly sequestered carbon to people who wanted to offset their emissions causedby their air transportation. Their website claims that US$28 will be the cost for planting 66trees to offset 1.32 tonnes of CO 2 emitted during a flight from Frankfurt to Kampala. TheUWA-FACE project claims that they employed local people but the local government officialsdispute this, saying that the jobs which were available were only during the planting period.The officials also claim that the project has taken away what little land and income localcommunities had. In order to keep villagers out of Mt. Elgon, UWA park rangers violentlyevicted villages between 1993 to 2002. They were forcedly evicted without compensation.There are also rampant loss of livelihood and access to forests and resources such aspotable water from springs and destruction of houses, crops and livestock. David Wakikona,Member of Parliament of Manjiya County, reported that in 2004, at least 50 community peoplewere killed by park rangers. Aside from loss of homes, there is also a lack of employmentopportunities due to destruction of traditional sources of livelihoods and denial of basicservices on education and health. The Benet people took the government to court in 2003and in October 2005, Justice J.B. Katutsi ruled that the Benet people are “historical andindigenous inhabitants of the said areas which were declared as a Wildlife Protected Area orNational Park.” He ruled that the Benet should be allowed to live on their land and continuefarming it.• Several claims of reduced emissions are questionable. The promotionof monocrop tree plantations to serve as carbon sinks or carbon offsetsis problematic as some researches show that if this entails deforestinga primary forest, then the contribution to CO 2 emissions is even greaterthan carbon which can be sequestered. Industrial logging, monocropplantations, transport of wood pulps and disposal of paper products areall producing carbon, methane and other GHGs.• The way that these biofuels can significantly contribute in lowering GHGemissions depends on what crops are used and the production andprocessing methods usedfor these crops to becomebiofuels. Indigenouspeoples are not againstbiofuels, per se. However,the production of thesecannot justify, in anyway, the displacement ofindigenous peoples fromtheir lands without theirfree, prior and informedconsent.30 <strong>Guide</strong> on Climate Change and Indigenous Peopleshttp://www.fontplay.com/freephotos/
•Few, Difficult and Dangerous Jobs,Even the justification2Health Problems and Inequitablethat indigenous peoplesbenefit-sharingwill be provided withjobs and employmentand that they will share in the benefits of producing alternative fuelsand establishment of renewable energy projects does not hold water.They have not been prioritized in the employment of the hydroelectriccompanies which have taken over their own lands. The few who wereemployed reported low wages, no job security, poor and dangerousworking conditions with no sufficient protection.• In the Philippines, the Ambuklao and Binga Hydro-electric Dams, whichhave long been non-functional because of heavy siltation, has beenbought jointly by Aboitiz (a Philippine energy corporation) and theNorwegian State energy corporation. This may be a CDM project whichwill allow Norway to meet itscommitments. Negotiationsare underway on how theindigenous peoples willbenefit from this. There areseveral dam projects underthe CDM scheme which canbe found in the other Asiancountries, Latin Americaand even in Africa andmany of these are found inindigenous lands.• The example of the Benet inthe UWA-FACE project showsthat those who wanted topractice their traditionallivelihoods were evencriminalized (see Box 2).• Indigenous peoples whoconverted their landsto small-scale oil palmplantations do not benefitin any substantial manneras they do not have thenecessary infrastructure andequipment to enable themto maximize the benefitsthey can gain. For example,when the oil palm fruits areBox 3Carbon Forestry Projectsin IndiaIn 1994, the World Bank funded a project - theJoint Forest Management (JFM) - to providea system for forest protection and sustainableuse through the establishment of VillageForest Protection Committees (VFPCs) inMadhya Pradesh (MP). This project, however,left a legacy of Adivasi disempowerment andcommunity-level divisions (As documentedin reports such as Sarin et. al., 2003, TheSummary Report of Jan Sunwai [Public Hearing]on Forest Rights at Village Indpura, HardaDistrict, 26 May 2001; etc.).The Community Forests International (CFI)did two feasibility studies in 2001 to “examinesystems that could compensate communitiesfor carbon sequestration and storage resultingfrom forest regeneration” using the mechanismof JFM. The Harda Forest Division feasibilitystudy, entitled “Communities & Climate Change:The Clean Development Mechanism and VillageBased Forest Restoration in Central India. ACase Study from Harda Forest Division, MadhyaPradesh, India” has concluded that the JFMprojects have improved the standard of livingof the Adivasi (indigenous peoples) and therelationship with the Forest Department asidePART III: Climate Change Mitigation Measures: Impacts on Indigenous Peoples 31
Page 4: Guide on Climate C
Page 9: • Our ancestors and we, the prese
Page 13 and 14: effect. As humans emit more carbon
Page 15: affected by industrial and other em
Page 18 and 19: What is Joint Implementation (JI)?J
Page 20: Endnotes:1 Greenhouse gases which a
Page 26 and 27: y forced use of heavily contaminate
Page 28: • Incessant rains in high altitud
Page 32 and 33: vulnerable to environmental degrada
Page 34 and 35: • The IPCC Fourth Assessment Repo
Page 36 and 37: BuildingsIndustryAgricultureForestr
Page 38 and 39: • For indigenous peoples: indigen
Page 42 and 43: harvested, these shouldbe transport
Page 44 and 45: Box 4Western Arnhem Fire Management
Page 46 and 47: of climate change. Thus, there isa
Page 48 and 49: • Focus - Urgent and immediate ne
Page 50 and 51: activities according to the obligat
Page 52 and 53: • Some supplement their subsisten
Page 54 and 55: Aside from the cases presented abov
Page 56 and 57: ExchangeResourcemanagement• Using
Page 58 and 59: Part VREDD/REDD+and Indigenous Peop
Page 60 and 61: Figure 2. Annual Global Emissions f
Page 62 and 63: sequestration, ensure soilfertility
Page 64 and 65: 4What are the mitigation optionsund
Page 66 and 67: governance of forests (e.g., Tropic
Page 68 and 69: UNPFII 7th Session Recommendations
Page 70 and 71: ecommendation on the needto respect
Page 72 and 73: Mechanisms and Trust Funds of the F
Page 74 and 75: R-PP - ReadinessPreparation Proposa
Page 76 and 77: UNPFII 7th Session Report recommend
Page 78 and 79: conservation and sustainableuse of
Page 80 and 81: peoples, local communities and wome
Page 82 and 83: Aims of UN-REDDTo assist developing
Page 84 and 85: Key document underpinningUN-REDD Pr
Page 86 and 87: continue their unsustainable and hi
Page 88 and 89: 10On the other hand, what are theop
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strengthen the implementation of UN
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11What is an example of an indigeno
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Photo credit: AMAN.Regulation on Re
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Photo credit: AMAN.including indige
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• Conclusion: This case study sho
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• This workshop, held in March200
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What are the key issues beingnegoti
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“leakage,” difficulty in accura
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• Proxy means that simplified but
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18 This is a document entitled “C
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2Why is Biodiversityimportant?The v
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the territories in which indigenous
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integrated with other strategies su
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10Why should traditional knowledgeo
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Endnotes:1 Secretariat of the Conve
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Some of the impacts are as follows:
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increase 6 and limit their chances
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4How are mitigating measures on cli
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Uganda were also transformed intosu
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1What is the Bali Roadmap 1 and the
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3What were the key developments in
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work in Copenhagen in 2009.” 6•
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• At SBSTA30 held in the 2nd Bonn
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“Post-Kyoto” or “Copenhagen P
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Role of the USin mitigationand trea
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Finance andtechnology(overall)- Con
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TechnologyDefinition oftechnologytr
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Legal form ofoutcome andtracks- Mos
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Trade andClimate- Stronglyagainstun
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6Why are these negotiations relevan
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Part IXWays Forward: The UNDeclarat
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esource rights, as well asits use a
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Participation and Inclusion: Every
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4. Enhance and deepen our understan
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funds like the BioCarbon Fund shoul
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AnnexesANNEX AUNITED NATIONS FRAMEW
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economically in their own right and
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consideration.3. The Parties should
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objective. These Parties may implem
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(g) Countries with areas with fragi
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(e) Assess, on the basis of all inf
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(b) Prepare scientific assessments
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eferred to in subparagraph (a) imme
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8. The provisions of this Article s
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Article 20SIGNATUREThis Convention
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Article 26AUTHENTIC TEXTSThe origin
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New ZealandNorwayPortugalSpainSwede
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(c)country Parties, while ensuring
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2. Decides that the process shall b
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ANNEX CThe Anchorage Declaration24
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climate change.5. All initiatives u
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ANNEX DGlobal Consultation on REDD
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REDD Funds24. Tie funding to compli
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2. September 15: Facilitator circul
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Some references on Climate Changean
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Manaus declaration / Declaración d
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Websites:Australia’s Internationa
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IN20- Nitrous OxideILOIPACCIPCCIPRI
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196 Guide on Clima
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Guide on Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples

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