Guide on Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples

(c)country Parties, while ensuring the comparability of effortsamong them, taking into account differences in their nationalcircumstances;(ii) Nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developingcountry Parties in the context of sustainable development,supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacitybuilding,in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner;(iii) Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating toreducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradationin developing countries; and the role of conservation,sustainable management of forests and enhancement offorest carbon stocks in developing countries;(iv) Cooperative sectoral approaches and sector-specific actions,in order to enhance implementation of Article 4, paragraph1(c), of the Convention;(v) Various approaches, including opportunities for usingmarkets, to enhance the cost-effectiveness of, and topromote, mitigation actions, bearing in mind differentcircumstances of developed and developing countries;(vi) Economic and social consequences of response measures;(vii) Ways to strengthen the catalytic role of the Convention inencouraging multilateral bodies, the public and private sectorsand civil society, building on synergies among activities andprocesses, as a means to support mitigation in a coherent andintegrated manner;Enhanced action on adaptation, including, inter alia, consideration of:(i) International cooperation to support urgent implementationof adaptation actions, including through vulnerabilityassessments, prioritization of actions, financial needsassessments, capacity-building and response strategies,integration of adaptation actions into sectoral and nationalplanning, specific projects and programmes, means toincentivize the implementation of adaptation actions, andother ways to enable climate-resilient development andreduce vulnerability of all Parties, taking into account theurgent and immediate needs of developing countries thatare particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climatechange, especially the least developed countries and smallisland developing States, and further taking into accountthe needs of countries in Africa affected by drought,desertification and floods;(ii) Risk management and risk reduction strategies, including risksharing and transfer mechanisms such as insurance;(iii) Disaster reduction strategies and means to address lossand damage associated with climate change impacts indeveloping countries that are particularly vulnerable to the174 <strong>Guide</strong> on Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples