remote control equipment - Indian Railways Institute of Electrical ...

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7.2.3.3 Status monitoring Status indications are an important function of SCADA systems for electrical utility. Status monitoring is often provided for power circuit breakers, recolsures, interruptor, motor operated isolators, any variety of other ON-OFF functions in a power station. They may be provided with status change memory for between scan monitoring and in some cases, time tagging to provide sequence of events. These indications originate from contacts which are mechanically actuated by the monitored device and are input to the RTU, either directly or through an interposing relay. Interposing relay is required because there are seldom enough spare auxiliary switch contacts available, and the distance between the RTU and the monitored device is often great. The exposure of RTU status point wiring to the switch yard environment is also consideration. 7.2.3.4 Control functions The supervisory control functions of electric utility SCADA system provide routine and emergency switching and operating capability for station equipment. SCADA control is most often provided for circuit breakers, reclosures, interruptors, and motor operated isolators. It is not uncommon to also include control for voltage regulators & tap changing transformers. All these control functions share a common thing that station control functions must be interfaced to the SCADA system remote terminal. The RTU can not execute controls directly form its logic level, but must be interposed to the station control circuits. Also, RTUs generally provide momentrary timed control output thus, latching type interposing is sometimes required. The design of control interface for SCADA system deserves careful attention. The security of the equipment installed must ensure freedom from false operation, and the design of operating and testing procedure must recognise these risks and minimise them. 7.2.4 MASTER/REMOTE FUNCTIONAL DESIGN 7.2.4.1 Communication configuration, media and techniques Communication configuration The configuration of communication systems are dictated by the following :- * Number of RTUs * Number of points at RTUs and required update rates * Location of RTUs * Communication facilities availbale * Communication equipment and technique available 125
The configuration used in Railway SCADA system is party line one-on-a-few configuration. Here master station communicates with the RTUs via party line (shared) communication channel. In this case a unique address is required for each RTU on the channel. This Configuration has the advantages of sharing the master station communication logic and the advantage of sharing the communication channel. 7.2.4.2 Communication Media Availbale communication media options are * Metallic cable pairs * Power line carrier (not used in indian Railways) * Microwave * Leased circuits * Fiber optic cable * Satellites (not used in Indian Railways) As on date only metalic cable pairs and fiber optic cable are of interest, only these options are discussed below :- 7.2.4.3 Metallic cable pairs Cables have the advantage of involving little new technology and so it is easy to consider the use of cable pairs for data transmission, where typically, one such pair can be used for simplex or half duplex transmission at speeds upto 2400 bits per second. Cables, as with S&T installations must typically be protected against induced voltage surges or lightening strikes by protective devices such as gas tube protectors and in addition if entering a high voltage substation, must be protected from huge difference in adjacent ground mat potential during substation fault current conditions through the use of addtional devices such as neutralising transormers. 7.2.4.4 Fiber Optic Cable Fiber optic cable sytems that are used for communications are made of three basic components. The first component is a long fiber of very pure glass or plastic that permits light to travel from the transmitor to the third component i.e. receiver. The reveiver converts the light signals back into electrical signals. The signals can be either analog or digital. In addition to these three components, there are repeater where the light signals are converted to electrical signals amplified and converted back again. Splicing devices are also necessary in order for signals to travel from one fiber to the others with minimum attenuation. 126
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PREFACE The book on "Power Supply I
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However transformers of capacity 13
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3. To keep the unbalance on the 3 p
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1.2 POWER SUPPLY FOR SIGNALLING 1.2
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locomotives and Electric Multiple U
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2.0 Supply System 2. POWER SUPPLY F
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figures. This charge should be real
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2.4 Scrutiny of Bills have a bearin
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c) Procedure to be followed in case
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In the territorial setup one Subord
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3.2.3 Over load Capacity of Tractio
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B. Insulation resistance will conti
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3.3. GUIDING NOTES ON MAINTENANCE 3
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f) Fully push home the wedges betwe
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eakers/interrupters should also be
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A detail history of every battery s
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light or bluish grey according to a
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(e) Overhaul, bench tests and calib
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3.5. FORTNIGHTLY MAINTENANCE 3.5.1.
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obstruction and also if the shock a
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2. Test a sample of oil for BDV. 3.
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3. Check if the terminations of the
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Fortnightly Schedule: a) Drain wate
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d) Measure the IR between auxiliary
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TRACTION DISTRIBUTION SCHEDULE OF M
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3.0 Inspection of Traction Sub-stat
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4.0 Switching Stations a) Switch Ya
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SI. No . APPLICATION AND INTERPRETA
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2.2 Oxidation Carbondioxide is the
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3.4 Pattern of generation of gases
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TABLE - I SOLUBILITY OF DIFFERENT G
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TABLE V ROGER'S METHOD OF DIAGNOSIS
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1.1 Schedules MAINTENANCE OF SF6 CI
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Point / Location Tripping Mechanism
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1.0 General Annexure 3.05 MAINTENAC
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1.5 Detailed Check Checking shall b
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DESIGN ASPECTS OF TRACTION SUBSTATI
Page 77 and 78: • Characteristics of the locomoti
Page 79 and 80: considerations enlisted in para 4.0
Page 81 and 82: xii) Load losses 135.0 kW xiii) Cur
Page 83 and 84: item Nominal System Voltage 66kV 11
Page 85 and 86: 20 1250 1600 2000 245 31.5 1250 160
Page 87 and 88: i) Three post, centre post rotating
Page 89 and 90: etween live parts and different pot
Page 91 and 92: 4.11.5 Design of grounding system 4
Page 93 and 94: 4.12.2 BIL of various equipments us
Page 95 and 96: (d) High speed inter tripping relay
Page 97 and 98: The relay continuously monitors the
Page 99 and 100: SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE(SF6) GAS 96 ANN
Page 101 and 102: 5.0 POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM PROTECTION
Page 103 and 104: any one of the two sub-staion throu
Page 105 and 106: fault relay (132KV&25KV side) 4. ID
Page 107 and 108: will be supplied to the successful
Page 109 and 110: detected by normal distance protect
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Page 125 and 126: Just as the requirements of supervi
Page 127: The use of hermetically sealed comp
Page 131 and 132: This may be accomplished by several
Page 133 and 134: A typical example of commonly used
Page 135 and 136: 7.2.6.2The above sequence of messag
Page 137 and 138: 7.3 SCADA EQUIPMENT 7.3.1 General T
Page 139 and 140: 7.3.10 SCADA Software The operating
Page 141 and 142: systems are different, the basic fe
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Page 145 and 146: To combat interference, co-ordinate
Page 147 and 148: e = Er / R were introduced in the v
Page 149 and 150: It is seen that even if the lines a
Page 151 and 152: Fig. 8.3 Fig. 8.3 contains a family
Page 153 and 154: Typical Rail Current Distribution F
Page 155 and 156: 8.8 SUPPRESSION OF INTERFERENCE AT
Page 157 and 158: Magnetizing current is required to
Page 159 and 160: REGULATION FOR ELECTRICAL CROSSING
Page 161 and 162: Kc is cable screening factor and it
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