remote control equipment - Indian Railways Institute of Electrical ...

figures. This charge should be realistic and should be
periodically verified with the Supply Authorities.
iv) Penalty for low power factor. The penal charge is prescribed as
an extra amount leviable in Rs/kVA of Maximum Demand if
power factor falls below a specified value. SEBs usually insist on
consumer providing PF correcting equipment and do not permit
power factor lower than a prescribed value.
v) Billing Demand is usually a certain percentage of contract
demand or the actual MD whichever is higher.
vi) Excess over Contract Demand and Corresponding units of
energy are usually charged at higher tariff (excluding FAC).
Even if the excess MD is for a short period of just 15 min.
proportionate units for the entire month are charged at penal
rate. One of the SEBs does computation of excess energy as
under:
Excess Energy = TU (1-CD/MD)
Where TU = Total Energy
MD = Maximum Demand
CD = Contract Demand
The Contract demand therefore, has to be carefully determined
and reviewed periodically and if necessary modified to avoid
penal charges.
vii) Minimum Guarantee
Usually, the agreement with SEB stipulate a percentage return
of 15 to 20% on the capital cost invested by the SEB for giving
the connection, as minimum guarantee. This is generally met by
the pattern of energy consumption in traction. However,
minimum guarantee in some case is specified in terms of
guaranteed average load factor (say 30%). This ties up the
Contract demand with the units consumed.
If a few heavy trains operate in a section raising the Maximum
Demand high, the average load factors may not reach 30 %
unless adequate frequency of passenger trains also forms part
of the traffic pattern. Here, if contract demand is too high, 30%
load factor is difficult to achieve while if contract demand is too
low, exceeding it and attracting penal changes becomes a
possibility. Careful balance between the two conflicting
requirements is, therefore, to be struck.
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