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where c 1 , c, and j are the Luttinger parameters [30]and I 1,2 are integrals ofthe hole radial wave functions [see Eq. (6)]:Z aZ aI 1 ¼ dr r 3 dR 0R 20 dr : I 2 ¼ dr r 2 R 2 2ð63Þ0These integrals depend only on the parameter b, and their variation with b isshown in Fig. 11. Using c 1 = 2.04 and c = 0.58 [15] and the relationship j =2/3 + 5c/3 c 1 /3 [44], one calculates that g h = 1.09.Figure 11 Dependence of the hole radial function integrals I 1 and I 2 , which enterin the expression for the hole g factor, on the hole effective mass ratio b.Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
REFERENCES1. Bawendi, M.G.; Wilson, W.L.; Rothberg, L.; Carroll, P.J.; Jedju, T.M.;Stegerwald, M.L.; Brus, L.E. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1990, 65, 1623.2. Nirmal, M.; Norris, D.J.; Kuno, M.; Bawendi, M.G.; Efros, Al.L.; Rosen, M.Phys. Rev. Lett. 1995, 75, 3728.3. Efros, Al.L.; Rosen, M.; Kuno, M.; Nirmal, M.; Norris, D.J.; Bawendi, M. Phys.Rev. B 1996, 54, 4843.4. Efros, Al.L.; Efros, A.L. Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 1982, 16, (1209) Sov. Phys.Semicond. 1982, 16, 772.5. Luttinger, J.M.; Kohn, W. Phys. Rev. 1955, 97, 869.6. Grigoryan, G.B.; Kazaryan, E.M.; Efros, Al.L.; Yazeva, T.V. Fiz. Tverd. Tela1990, 32, 1772. Sov. Phys. Solid State 1990, 32, 1031.7. Ekimov, A.I.; Hache, F.; Schanne-Klein, M.C.; Ricard, D.; Flytzanis, C.;Kudryavtsev, I.A.; Yazeva, T.V.; Rodina, A.V.; Efros, Al.L. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B1993, 10, 100.8. Ekimov, A.I.; Onushchenko, A.A.; Plukhin, A.G.; Efros, Al.L. Zh. Eksp. Teor.Fiz. 1985, 88, 1490. Sov. Phys. JETP 1985, 61, 891.9. Xia, J.B. Phys. Rev. B 1989, 40, 8500.10. Vahala, K.J.; Sercel, P.C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1990, 65, 239. Sercel, P.C.; Vahala,K.J. Phys. Rev. B 1990, 42, 3690.11. Efros, Al.L.; Rodina, A.V. Solid State Commun. 1989, 72, 645.12. Efros, Al.L. Phys. Rev. B 1992, 46, 7448.13. Bir, G.L.; Pikus, G.E. Symmetry and Strain-Induced Effects in Semiconductors.Wiley: New York, 1975.14. Efros, Al.L.; Rodina, A.V. Phys. Rev. B 1993, 47, 10005.15. Norris, D.J.; Bawendi, M.G. Phys. Rev. B 1996, 53, 16338.16. Brus, L.E.; unpublished.17. Rashba, E.I. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 1959, 36, 1703. Sov. Phys. JETP 1959, 9,1213.18. Kochereshko, V.P.; Mikhailov, G.V.; Ural’tsev, I.N. Fiz. Tverd. Tela 1983, 25,759. Sov. Phys. Solid State 1983, 25, 439.19. Murray, C.B.; Norris, D.J.; Bawendi, M.G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 8706.20. Bawendi, M.G.; Carroll, P.J.; Wilson, W.L.; Brus, L.E. J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 96,946.21. Chamarro, M.; Gourdon, C.; Lavallard, P.; Ekimov, A.I. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.1995, 34 (Suppl. 1), 12.22. Klein, M.C.; Hache, F.; Ricard, D.; Flytzanis, C. Phys. Rev. B 1990, 42, 11123.23. Efros, Al.L. In: Leburton, J.-P., Pascual, J., Sotomayor-Torres, C. Eds. Phononsin Semiconductor Nanostructures. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1993, 299.24. Efros, Al.L.; Ekimov, A.I.; Kozlowski, F.; Petrova-Koch, V.; Schmidbaur, H.;Shumilov, S. Solid State Commun. 1991, 78, 853.25. Piper, W.W. Proceedings of the International Conference 7th on II-VI SemiconductorCompounds, W.A. Benjamin, New York, 1967, 839.26. Gupta, J.A.; Awschalom, D.D.; Efros, Al.L.; Rodina, A.V. Phys. Rev. B 2002,66, 125307.Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, In
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This book covers several topics of
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esult, some exciting topics were no
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3. Fine Structure and Polarization
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9. III-V Quantum Dots and Quantum D
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ContributorsUri BaninThe Hebrew Uni
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1‘‘Soft’’ Chemical Synthesi
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structure of energy states leads to
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growth can proceed by Ostwald ripen
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Figure 3 Transmission electron micr
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Figure 4 Temporal evolution of the
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No. 26, are f85% (Fig. 6) [21]. Alt
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tion spectra and broad PL spectra.
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ing surface-to-volume ratio with di
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Figure 8 Photoluminescence spectra
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lattice mismatch. Such a large latt
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match between InAs and ZnS of f11%.
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successfully repeated for up to thr
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Under a different growth regime, on
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Figure 14 Atomic model of the CdSe
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‘‘Teardrop-shaped’’ particl
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Figure 17 High-resolution TEMs of C
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allows isolation of tetrapods in f8
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ligand concentrations yield a reduc
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een determined and quantitatively c
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tion volumes were also shown to be
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synthesis temperatures of z400jC ar
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Figure 23 (a) Photoluminescence spe
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levels (fV1 Mn per NQD). Despite in
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Figure 25 X-ray diffraction pattern
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Figure 27 Transmission electron mic
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An additional factor that strongly
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Figure 30 (a,b) Schematics illustra
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Slow, controlled precipitation of h
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Figure 34 Schematic illustrating th
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achieving biological compatibility
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47. Yu H.; Gibbons P.C.; Kelton K.F
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2Electronic Structure inSemiconduct
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Figure 2 (a) Simple model of a nano
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electron and hole to be treated as
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independently, Eq. (13) is commonly
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a better description of the bulk ba
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investigated. For optical experimen
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Figure 4 (a) Absorption (solid line
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Figure 6 Normalized PLE scans for s
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Figure 8 A simplistic model for des
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Figure 10 Theoretically predicted p
Page 105 and 106: Figure 12 Schematics depicting the
Page 107 and 108: Figure 14 Calculated band-edge exci
Page 109 and 110: Figure 15 Absorption (solid line) a
Page 111 and 112: Figure 18 (a) Calculated band-edge
Page 113 and 114: IV.BEYOND CdSeA. Indium Arsenide Na
Page 115 and 116: the six-band Luttinger Hamiltonian.
Page 117 and 118: 11. Norris, D.J.; Efros, Al.L.; Ros
Page 119 and 120: 69. Gaponenko, S.V.; Woggon, U.; Sa
Page 121 and 122: formation of a long-lived dark exci
Page 123 and 124: where the constant A is determined
Page 125 and 126: In crystals for which the function
Page 127 and 128: The respective wave functions areC
Page 129 and 130: passive, as was shown in Ref. 12. T
Page 131 and 132: square of the matrix element of the
Page 133 and 134: where e F = e F ieV and e F F = e x
Page 135 and 136: see that for all nanocrystal shapes
Page 137 and 138: optical recombination of the excito
Page 139 and 140: B. Recombination of the Dark Excito
Page 141 and 142: where x = cos h and f = l B g e H/3
Page 143 and 144: The theory of the polarization memo
Page 145 and 146: Figure 7 The size dependence of the
Page 147 and 148: state would have an infinite lifeti
Page 149 and 150: crystal axis [see Eq. (40)]. As a r
Page 151 and 152: time of the exciton momentum relaxa
Page 153 and 154: One must also account for the influ
Page 155: observed in one of the first studie
Page 159 and 160: 4Intraband Spectroscopyand Dynamics
Page 161 and 162: The solid line in Fig. 1 shows the
Page 163 and 164: Figure 2 FTIR spectra of n-type CdS
Page 165 and 166: of the center frequency. The experi
Page 167 and 168: limit given by radiative relaxation
Page 169 and 170: from a long lifetime due to the pho
Page 171 and 172: are two natural approaches to study
Page 173 and 174: 32. Inoshita, T.; Sakaki, H. Physic
Page 175 and 176: continuous spectral tunability over
Page 177 and 178: function and envelope function mome
Page 179 and 180: ottleneck’’ [14,28]. Further re
Page 181 and 182: in NQDs is dominated by nonphonon e
Page 183 and 184: Figure 4 Dynamics of the IR postpum
Page 185 and 186: Figure 5 (a) Time-resolved PL spect
Page 187 and 188: Figure 6 (a) The time delay of the
Page 189 and 190: and due to Auger-type e-h interacti
Page 191 and 192: Figure 9 Dynamics of the 1S bleachi
Page 193 and 194: significantly greater than the fast
Page 195 and 196: Figure 11 (a) Pump-intensity-depend
Page 197 and 198: NQD size. For small NQD sizes (R =
Page 199 and 200: Figure 14 Nonlinear absorption/gain
Page 201 and 202: sorption change associated with a s
Page 203 and 204: where n h em is the hole ‘‘emit
Page 205 and 206: ultrafast (subpicosecond to picosec
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Figure 18 Schematic of transitions
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Figure 19 Dynamics of pump-induced
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where n i (i=1, 2 . . . , N ) is th
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Figure 21 (a) Two-e-h-pair (biexcit
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the volume fraction (filling factor
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intensity dependence of this peak (
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can contribute to the saturation of
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coupling between ‘‘volume’’
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numerous discussions on the photoph
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53. Kang, K.; Kepner, A.; Gaponenko
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the ‘‘on-off ’’ emission in
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parallel form of data acquisition i
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Figure 3 (a) Spectral time trace of
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transition energies. In fact, these
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distribution (dark line) does not d
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exposure to only room light. In our
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statistics for the off times are in
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230Shimizu and BawendiCopyright 200
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Figure 10 (a) Time trace of a CdSe(
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and excited QD core states to fluct
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arrows indicate the on-time truncat
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W. K. Woo and V. C. Sundar for assi
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size allows the electron affinity a
Page 257 and 258:
II.THEORY OF ELECTRON TRANSFER BETW
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For the specific case of charge tra
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dominates, the mobility is often fi
Page 263 and 264:
where the constant A and the temper
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components of modulation which are
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nanocrystals [41], understanding ph
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and ionization potential through tw
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quantum dots. Furthermore, because
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For many applications, a host mater
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form blends with morphologies that
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Figure 11 Photoluminescence efficie
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Figure 12 (a) Room-temperature PIA
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discussed briefly in Section IV. Ch
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dithiolates to thiol-terminated DNA
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Films of passivated CdSe nanocrysta
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Figure 16 Photocurrent action spect
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decay with stretched exponential ki
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siderably larger than might be esti
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dispersing CdSe nanocrystal chromop
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memory and charge storage effects [
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all) of the optically excited elect
Page 299 and 300:
composites of nanocrystals and conj
Page 301 and 302:
55. Asbury, J.B.; Hao, E.C.; Wang,
Page 303 and 304:
108. Morgan, N.Y.; Leatherdale, C.A
Page 305 and 306:
The approaches to fabrication of se
Page 307 and 308:
Figure 1 Experimental realization o
Page 309 and 310:
Due to this voltage division, the m
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Figure 3 Simulated tunneling spectr
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electron charging. In both positive
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Figure 5 shows the typical features
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Figure 7 Map of levels for InAs nan
Page 319 and 320:
Figure 8 Scanning electron microsco
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D CB = 0.31 eV is thus obtained. On
Page 323 and 324:
Figure 11 Correlation of optical an
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atomistic approach based on pseudop
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charging indicated that the tunneli
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capacitance values were also kept t
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could not be detected in the QD/DT/
Page 333 and 334:
Figure 18 Tunneling conductanceF sp
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data in the inset of Fig. 19 repres
Page 337 and 338:
corresponding to the s-like wave fu
Page 339 and 340:
7. Grabert, H.; Devoret, M.H., Eds.
Page 341 and 342:
66. Su, B.; Goldman, V.J.; Cunningh
Page 343 and 344:
dimensional confinement are created
Page 345 and 346:
Figure 1 Transmission electron micr
Page 347 and 348:
The room-temperature absorption and
Page 349 and 350:
narrower in samples with larger mea
Page 351 and 352:
GaInP 2 QDs from a plot of the squa
Page 353 and 354:
crystal, indicating lattice-matched
Page 355 and 356:
Figure 5 Evolution of Stranski-Kras
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
C. Efficient Anti-Stokes Photolumin
Page 363 and 364:
Because HF treatment has been shown
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
intensity of the PL when it is on a
Page 369 and 370:
eV stems from recombining carriers
Page 371 and 372:
Figure 16 Model to explain two-colo
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although this term is not rigorousl
Page 375 and 376:
10 ps (about an order of magnitude
Page 377 and 378:
electron relaxation is inhibited an
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
QDs, the nature of the QD capping s
Page 383 and 384:
QD solution. For an interdot distan
Page 385 and 386:
emission spectra of the two individ
Page 387 and 388:
Figure 23 Change of the PL intensit
Page 389 and 390:
(viz. the absorbed light intensity)
Page 391 and 392:
Figure 25Impact ionization in QDs.m
Page 393 and 394:
prevent electron-hole recombination
Page 395 and 396:
36. Miller, R.D.J.; McLendon, G.; N
Page 397 and 398:
91. Vurgaftman, I.; Singh, J. Appl.
Page 399 and 400:
139. Mićić, O.I.; Ahrenkiel, S.P.
Page 401 and 402:
10Synthesis and Fabrication of Meta
Page 403 and 404:
Figure 2 (A-C) Progression of HR-TE
Page 405 and 406:
Figure 3 Schematic for gold nanocry
Page 407 and 408:
Nanocrystal growth can occur by two
Page 409 and 410:
on the other hand, provide an ensem
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Figure 6 (a) SAXS patterns for disp
Page 413 and 414:
Figure 8 The gold nanocrystal film
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of the stabilizing ligand, and the
Page 417 and 418:
successfully modeled the 2D island
Page 419 and 420:
2. Steric Stabilization and a Soft
Page 421 and 422:
are fully extended. Moving away fro
Page 423 and 424:
Figure 11 High-resolution SEM image
Page 425 and 426:
Figure 13 (A) Transmission electron
Page 427 and 428:
function of the density of localize
Page 429 and 430:
Figure 15 High-resolution SEM image
Page 431 and 432:
thiol-capped nanocrystals [2]. The
Page 433 and 434:
41. Ackerson, B.J. Nature 1993, 365
Page 435 and 436:
with the effect of the particle com
Page 437 and 438:
Figure 1a shows the surface plasmon
Page 439 and 440:
Figure 2 (a) Ultraviolet-visible ab
Page 441 and 442:
agents [34]. The short-wavelength b
Page 443 and 444:
Figure 4 (a) Plot of the plasmon ab
Page 445 and 446:
the framework of traditional Mie’
Page 447 and 448:
show that effects due to the surrou
Page 449 and 450:
is located at the position of the g
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Figure 8 Ultraviolet-visible absorp
Page 455 and 456:
laser pulses while being mixed in t
Page 457 and 458:
Figure 10 shows HR-TEM images of go
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
final irradiation product. At the s
Page 463 and 464:
following the laser excitation appe
Page 465 and 466:
36. Papavassiliou, G.C. Prog. Solid
Page 467 and 468:
particles to expand. Because the he
Page 469 and 470:
was frequency doubled in a 1-mm B-
Page 471 and 472:
Figure 2 Frequency of the acoustic
Page 473 and 474:
Figure 3 Change in radius (DR/R) ve
Page 475 and 476:
In this model, the electrons couple
Page 477 and 478:
Figure 5 Transient bleach data for
Page 479 and 480:
Figure 7 (a) Transient bleach data
Page 481 and 482:
that the particles with >80% Au hav
Page 483 and 484:
3. Del Fatti, N.; Valle´e, F.; Fly
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