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Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Figure 5 Current–voltage characteristic for a photovoltaic device showing theopen-circuit voltage (V oc ) and the short-circuit current (I sc ) together with the maximumpower rectangle.where E photon is the energy of the incident photons and FF is the fill factor,defined asFF ¼ V mI mð14ÞV oc I scwhere V m and I m are chosen so as to maximize the area of the rectangle shownin Fig. 5. Power efficiencies are often defined under conditions of solarillumination, typically with a standardized spectrum known as AM1.5, whichrepresents the spectrum measured on the Earth’s surface at a latitudes of 45j.IV.NANOCRYSTALS AND PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRONTRANSFERPhotoinduced charge transfer at nanoscale semiconductor interfaces isfundamentally important to a variety of emerging technologies. These includeapplications ranging from LEDs [1–4,18], to photorefractive materials [34,35], to photodetectors and photovoltaic cells [5,6,27–33,36–40]. In addition,with photoionization events as the most promising explanation behind boththe photoluminescence blinking and spectral diffusion observed in single<strong>Copyright</strong> <strong>2004</strong> <strong>by</strong> <strong>Marcel</strong> <strong>Dekker</strong>, <strong>Inc</strong>. <strong>All</strong> <strong>Rights</strong> <strong>Reserved</strong>.

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