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tection window, E det , was set to 1.18 eV corresponding to a radius of f2.2 nmand a set of up to eight transitions are resolved (Fig. 5). The full-size dependencewas measured by changing the detection window and by usingdifferent samples. A representative set of such PLE spectra is shown in Fig. 6.Figure 7 shows the map of excited transitions for InAs nanocrystalsextracted from the PLE data, plotted relative to and as a function of thebandgap transition. The left panel compares the observed transitions withthose calculated within the eight-band effective mass model. Briefly, in thisapproach, each electron (e) and each hole (h) state is characterized by itsparity and its total angular momentum F = J+L, where J is the Bloch bandedgeangular momentum (1/2 for the CB, 3/2 for the heavy and light holebands, and 1/2 for the split-off band) and L is the angular momentumassociated with the envelope function. We use the standard notation for theFigure 6 Size-dependent PLE spectra for four representative InAs QD radii. Thebandgap transition (a) and two strong excited transitions (b, c) are indicated.Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Figure 7 Map of levels for InAs nanocrystals extracted from PLE experiments.The transition energies relative to the lowest (bandgap) transition are plotted as afunction of E g . Left panel: The experimental results are compared with the levelscalculated using the eight-band effective mass model. Right panel: Calculated oscillatorstrengths, represented in gray scale, for the transitions in the left frame.Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, In
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This book covers several topics of
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esult, some exciting topics were no
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3. Fine Structure and Polarization
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9. III-V Quantum Dots and Quantum D
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ContributorsUri BaninThe Hebrew Uni
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1‘‘Soft’’ Chemical Synthesi
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structure of energy states leads to
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growth can proceed by Ostwald ripen
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Figure 3 Transmission electron micr
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Figure 4 Temporal evolution of the
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No. 26, are f85% (Fig. 6) [21]. Alt
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tion spectra and broad PL spectra.
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ing surface-to-volume ratio with di
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Figure 8 Photoluminescence spectra
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lattice mismatch. Such a large latt
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match between InAs and ZnS of f11%.
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successfully repeated for up to thr
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Under a different growth regime, on
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Figure 14 Atomic model of the CdSe
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‘‘Teardrop-shaped’’ particl
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Figure 17 High-resolution TEMs of C
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allows isolation of tetrapods in f8
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ligand concentrations yield a reduc
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een determined and quantitatively c
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tion volumes were also shown to be
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synthesis temperatures of z400jC ar
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Figure 23 (a) Photoluminescence spe
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levels (fV1 Mn per NQD). Despite in
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Figure 25 X-ray diffraction pattern
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Figure 27 Transmission electron mic
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An additional factor that strongly
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Figure 30 (a,b) Schematics illustra
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Slow, controlled precipitation of h
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Figure 34 Schematic illustrating th
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achieving biological compatibility
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47. Yu H.; Gibbons P.C.; Kelton K.F
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2Electronic Structure inSemiconduct
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Figure 2 (a) Simple model of a nano
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electron and hole to be treated as
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independently, Eq. (13) is commonly
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a better description of the bulk ba
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investigated. For optical experimen
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Figure 4 (a) Absorption (solid line
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Figure 6 Normalized PLE scans for s
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Figure 8 A simplistic model for des
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Figure 10 Theoretically predicted p
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Figure 12 Schematics depicting the
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Figure 14 Calculated band-edge exci
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Figure 15 Absorption (solid line) a
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Figure 18 (a) Calculated band-edge
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IV.BEYOND CdSeA. Indium Arsenide Na
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the six-band Luttinger Hamiltonian.
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11. Norris, D.J.; Efros, Al.L.; Ros
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69. Gaponenko, S.V.; Woggon, U.; Sa
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formation of a long-lived dark exci
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where the constant A is determined
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In crystals for which the function
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The respective wave functions areC
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passive, as was shown in Ref. 12. T
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square of the matrix element of the
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where e F = e F ieV and e F F = e x
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see that for all nanocrystal shapes
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optical recombination of the excito
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B. Recombination of the Dark Excito
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where x = cos h and f = l B g e H/3
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The theory of the polarization memo
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Figure 7 The size dependence of the
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state would have an infinite lifeti
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crystal axis [see Eq. (40)]. As a r
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time of the exciton momentum relaxa
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One must also account for the influ
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observed in one of the first studie
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REFERENCES1. Bawendi, M.G.; Wilson,
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4Intraband Spectroscopyand Dynamics
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The solid line in Fig. 1 shows the
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Figure 2 FTIR spectra of n-type CdS
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of the center frequency. The experi
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limit given by radiative relaxation
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from a long lifetime due to the pho
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are two natural approaches to study
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32. Inoshita, T.; Sakaki, H. Physic
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continuous spectral tunability over
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function and envelope function mome
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ottleneck’’ [14,28]. Further re
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in NQDs is dominated by nonphonon e
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Figure 4 Dynamics of the IR postpum
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Figure 5 (a) Time-resolved PL spect
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Figure 6 (a) The time delay of the
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and due to Auger-type e-h interacti
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Figure 9 Dynamics of the 1S bleachi
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significantly greater than the fast
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Figure 11 (a) Pump-intensity-depend
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NQD size. For small NQD sizes (R =
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Figure 14 Nonlinear absorption/gain
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sorption change associated with a s
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where n h em is the hole ‘‘emit
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ultrafast (subpicosecond to picosec
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Figure 18 Schematic of transitions
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Figure 19 Dynamics of pump-induced
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where n i (i=1, 2 . . . , N ) is th
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Figure 21 (a) Two-e-h-pair (biexcit
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the volume fraction (filling factor
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intensity dependence of this peak (
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can contribute to the saturation of
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coupling between ‘‘volume’’
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numerous discussions on the photoph
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53. Kang, K.; Kepner, A.; Gaponenko
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the ‘‘on-off ’’ emission in
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parallel form of data acquisition i
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Figure 3 (a) Spectral time trace of
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transition energies. In fact, these
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distribution (dark line) does not d
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exposure to only room light. In our
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statistics for the off times are in
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230Shimizu and BawendiCopyright 200
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Figure 10 (a) Time trace of a CdSe(
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and excited QD core states to fluct
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arrows indicate the on-time truncat
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W. K. Woo and V. C. Sundar for assi
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size allows the electron affinity a
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II.THEORY OF ELECTRON TRANSFER BETW
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For the specific case of charge tra
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dominates, the mobility is often fi
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where the constant A and the temper
Page 265 and 266: components of modulation which are
Page 267 and 268: nanocrystals [41], understanding ph
Page 269 and 270: and ionization potential through tw
Page 271 and 272: quantum dots. Furthermore, because
Page 273 and 274: For many applications, a host mater
Page 275 and 276: form blends with morphologies that
Page 277 and 278: Figure 11 Photoluminescence efficie
Page 279 and 280: Figure 12 (a) Room-temperature PIA
Page 281 and 282: discussed briefly in Section IV. Ch
Page 283 and 284: dithiolates to thiol-terminated DNA
Page 285 and 286: Films of passivated CdSe nanocrysta
Page 287 and 288: Figure 16 Photocurrent action spect
Page 289 and 290: decay with stretched exponential ki
Page 291 and 292: siderably larger than might be esti
Page 293 and 294: dispersing CdSe nanocrystal chromop
Page 295 and 296: memory and charge storage effects [
Page 297 and 298: all) of the optically excited elect
Page 299 and 300: composites of nanocrystals and conj
Page 301 and 302: 55. Asbury, J.B.; Hao, E.C.; Wang,
Page 303 and 304: 108. Morgan, N.Y.; Leatherdale, C.A
Page 305 and 306: The approaches to fabrication of se
Page 307 and 308: Figure 1 Experimental realization o
Page 309 and 310: Due to this voltage division, the m
Page 311 and 312: Figure 3 Simulated tunneling spectr
Page 313 and 314: electron charging. In both positive
Page 315: Figure 5 shows the typical features
Page 319 and 320: Figure 8 Scanning electron microsco
Page 321 and 322: D CB = 0.31 eV is thus obtained. On
Page 323 and 324: Figure 11 Correlation of optical an
Page 325 and 326: atomistic approach based on pseudop
Page 327 and 328: charging indicated that the tunneli
Page 329 and 330: capacitance values were also kept t
Page 331 and 332: could not be detected in the QD/DT/
Page 333 and 334: Figure 18 Tunneling conductanceF sp
Page 335 and 336: data in the inset of Fig. 19 repres
Page 337 and 338: corresponding to the s-like wave fu
Page 339 and 340: 7. Grabert, H.; Devoret, M.H., Eds.
Page 341 and 342: 66. Su, B.; Goldman, V.J.; Cunningh
Page 343 and 344: dimensional confinement are created
Page 345 and 346: Figure 1 Transmission electron micr
Page 347 and 348: The room-temperature absorption and
Page 349 and 350: narrower in samples with larger mea
Page 351 and 352: GaInP 2 QDs from a plot of the squa
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Page 355 and 356: Figure 5 Evolution of Stranski-Kras
Page 357 and 358: Figure 7 Photoluminescence spectra
Page 359 and 360: Figure 8 Photoluminescence spectra
Page 361 and 362: C. Efficient Anti-Stokes Photolumin
Page 363 and 364: Because HF treatment has been shown
Page 365 and 366: Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, In
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intensity of the PL when it is on a
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eV stems from recombining carriers
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Figure 16 Model to explain two-colo
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although this term is not rigorousl
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10 ps (about an order of magnitude
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electron relaxation is inhibited an
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QDs, the nature of the QD capping s
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QD solution. For an interdot distan
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emission spectra of the two individ
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Figure 23 Change of the PL intensit
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(viz. the absorbed light intensity)
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Figure 25Impact ionization in QDs.m
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prevent electron-hole recombination
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36. Miller, R.D.J.; McLendon, G.; N
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91. Vurgaftman, I.; Singh, J. Appl.
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139. Mićić, O.I.; Ahrenkiel, S.P.
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10Synthesis and Fabrication of Meta
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Figure 2 (A-C) Progression of HR-TE
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Figure 3 Schematic for gold nanocry
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Nanocrystal growth can occur by two
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on the other hand, provide an ensem
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Figure 6 (a) SAXS patterns for disp
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Figure 8 The gold nanocrystal film
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of the stabilizing ligand, and the
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successfully modeled the 2D island
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2. Steric Stabilization and a Soft
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are fully extended. Moving away fro
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Figure 11 High-resolution SEM image
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Figure 13 (A) Transmission electron
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function of the density of localize
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Figure 15 High-resolution SEM image
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thiol-capped nanocrystals [2]. The
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41. Ackerson, B.J. Nature 1993, 365
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with the effect of the particle com
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Figure 1a shows the surface plasmon
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Figure 2 (a) Ultraviolet-visible ab
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agents [34]. The short-wavelength b
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Figure 4 (a) Plot of the plasmon ab
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the framework of traditional Mie’
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show that effects due to the surrou
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is located at the position of the g
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Figure 8 Ultraviolet-visible absorp
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laser pulses while being mixed in t
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Figure 10 shows HR-TEM images of go
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final irradiation product. At the s
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following the laser excitation appe
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36. Papavassiliou, G.C. Prog. Solid
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particles to expand. Because the he
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was frequency doubled in a 1-mm B-
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Figure 2 Frequency of the acoustic
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Figure 3 Change in radius (DR/R) ve
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In this model, the electrons couple
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Figure 5 Transient bleach data for
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Figure 7 (a) Transient bleach data
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that the particles with >80% Au hav
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3. Del Fatti, N.; Valle´e, F.; Fly
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