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8. Shevchenko, E.; Talapin, D.; Kornowski, A., et al. Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 287.9. Whetten, R.L.; Shafigullin, M.N.; Khoury, J.T., et al. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999,32, 397.10. Korgel, B.A.; Fullam, S.; Connolly, S., et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 8379.11. Connolly, S.; Fullam, S.; Korgel, B., et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 2969.12. Weitz, I.S.; Sample, J.L.; Ries, R.; Spain, E.M.; Heath, J.R. J. Phys. Chem. B2000, 104, 4288.13. Korgel, B.A.; Fitzmaurice, D. Phys. Rev. B 1999, 59, 14–191.14. Levin, I.; Ott, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1932, 54, 828.15. Darragh, P.J.; Gaskin, A.J.; Terrell, B.C.; Sanders, J.V. Nature 1966, 209, 13.16. Sanders, J.V. Phil. Mag. A 1980, 42, 704.17. Raman, C.V.; Jayaraman, A. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 1953, 38A, 343.18. Copisarow, A.C.; Copisarow, M.J. Nature 1946, 157, 768.19. Schmid, G.; Lehnert, A. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1989, 28, 780.20. Bentzon, M.D.; van Wonterghem, J.; Morup, S.; Tholen, A.; Koch, C.J.W.Phil. Mag. B 1989, 60, 169.21. Turkevich, J.; Stevenson, P.C.; Hillier, J. Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1951, 55, 55.22. Steigerwald, M.L.; Alivisatos, A.P.; Gibson, J.M., et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc.1988, 110, 3046.23. Sun, S.H.; Murray, C.B.; Weller, D.; Folks, L.; Moser, A. Science 2000, 287,1989.24. Larsen, T.; Sigman, M.; Ghezelbash, A.; Doty, R.C.; Korgel, B.A., J. Am.Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 5638–5639.25. Pich, J.; Friedlander, S.K.; Lai, F.S. Aerosol Sci. 1970, 1, 115.26. Shah, P.S.; Husain, S.; Johnston, K.P., et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106,12–178.27. Doty, R.C.; Korgel, B.A. unpublished data.28. Korgel, B.A. Phys Rev. Lett. 2001, 86, 127.29. Korgel, B.A.; Zaccheroni, N.; Fitzmaurice, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121,3533.30. Glatter, O.; Kratky, O., Eds. Small Angle X-ray Scattering; Academic Press:New York, 1982.31. Murray, C.B.; Kagan, C.R.; Bawendi, M.G. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 2000, 30,545.32. Korgel, B.A.; Fitzmaurice, D. Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 661.33. Hansen, J.P.; McDonald, I.R. In: Theory of Simple Liquids; Academic Press:New York, 1976.34. Gray, J.J.; Klein, D.H.; Korgel, B.A.; Bonnecaze, R.T. Langmuir 2001, 17,2317.35. Heath, J.R.; Knobler, C.M.; Leff, D.V. J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 189.36. Korgel, B.A.; Fitzmaurice, D. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1998, 80, 3531.37. Dabbousi, B.O.; Murray, C.B.; Rubner, M.F., et al. Chem. Mater. 1994, 6, 216.38. Sear, R.P.; Chung, S.W.; Markovich, G., et al. Phys. Rev. E 1999, 59, R6255.39. Chung, S.W.; Markovich, G.; Heath, J.R. J. Phys Chem. B 1998, 102, 6685.40. Frenkel, D. Phys. World 1993, 6, 24.Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
41. Ackerson, B.J. Nature 1993, 365, 11.42. Gray, J.J.; Klein, D.H.; Bonnecaze, R.T.; Korgel, B.A. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000,85, 4430.43. Ohara, P.C.; Leff, D.V.; Heath, J.R., et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1995, 75, 3466.44. Ge, G.; Brus, L. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 9573.45. Hamaker, H.C. Physica IV 1937, 10, 1058.46. Israelachvili, J. Intermolecular and Surface Forces; New York: Academic Press,1992.47. Vincent, B.; Edwards, J.; Emmett, S., et al. Colloids Surfaces 1986, 18, 261.48. Shah, P.S.; Holmes, J.D.; Johnston, K.P., et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106,2545.49. Burton, W.K.; Cabrera, N.; Frank, F.C. Phil. Trans R. Soc. Lond. A 1951, 243,299.50. Levi, A.C.; Kotrla, M. J. Physics: Condens. Matter 1997, 9, 299.51. Luedtke, W.D.; Landman, U. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 13–323.52. Wang, Z.L. Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 13.53. Wang, Z.L.; Harfenist, S.A.; Vezmar, I., et al. Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 808.54. Stowell, C.; Korgel, B.A. Nano Lett. 2001, 11, 595.55. Ohara, P.C.; Heath, J.R.; Gelbart, W.M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997,36, 1077.56. Maillard, M.; Motte, L.; Ngo, A.T.; Pileni, M.P. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000,104, 11–871.57. Deegan, R.D. Phys. Rev. E 2000, 61, 475.58. Deegan, R.D.; Bakajin, O.; Dupont, T.F.; Huber, G.; Nagel, S.R.; Witten,T.A. Phys. Rev. E 2000, 62, 756.59. Adachi, E.; Dimitrov, A.S.; Nagayama, K. Langmuir 1995, 11, 1057.60. Maenosono, S.; Dushkin, C.D.; Saita, S.; Yamaguchi, Y. Langmuir 1999,15, 957.61. Elbaum, M.; Lipson, S.G. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1994, 72, 3562.62. Ha, V.M.; Lai, C.L. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 2001, 457, 885.63. Black, C.T.; Murray, C.B.; Sandstrom, R.L.; Sun, S. Science 2000, 290, 1131.64. Parthasarathy, R.; Lin, X.-M.; Jaeger, H.M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2001, 87, 186807.65. Sampaio, J.F.; Beverly, K.C.; Heath, J.R. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 8797.66. Beverly, K.C.; Sampaio, J.F.; Heath, J.R. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 2131.67. Middleton, A.A.; Wingreen, N.S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1993, 71, 3198.68. Doty, R.C.; Yu, H.; Shih, C.K.; Korgel, B.A. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105,8291.Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Page 1:
Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, In
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This book covers several topics of
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esult, some exciting topics were no
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3. Fine Structure and Polarization
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9. III-V Quantum Dots and Quantum D
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ContributorsUri BaninThe Hebrew Uni
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1‘‘Soft’’ Chemical Synthesi
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structure of energy states leads to
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growth can proceed by Ostwald ripen
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Figure 3 Transmission electron micr
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Figure 4 Temporal evolution of the
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No. 26, are f85% (Fig. 6) [21]. Alt
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tion spectra and broad PL spectra.
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ing surface-to-volume ratio with di
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Figure 8 Photoluminescence spectra
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lattice mismatch. Such a large latt
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match between InAs and ZnS of f11%.
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successfully repeated for up to thr
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Under a different growth regime, on
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Figure 14 Atomic model of the CdSe
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‘‘Teardrop-shaped’’ particl
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Figure 17 High-resolution TEMs of C
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allows isolation of tetrapods in f8
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ligand concentrations yield a reduc
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een determined and quantitatively c
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tion volumes were also shown to be
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synthesis temperatures of z400jC ar
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Figure 23 (a) Photoluminescence spe
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levels (fV1 Mn per NQD). Despite in
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Figure 25 X-ray diffraction pattern
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Figure 27 Transmission electron mic
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An additional factor that strongly
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Figure 30 (a,b) Schematics illustra
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Slow, controlled precipitation of h
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Figure 34 Schematic illustrating th
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Page 78 and 79:
achieving biological compatibility
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47. Yu H.; Gibbons P.C.; Kelton K.F
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2Electronic Structure inSemiconduct
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Figure 2 (a) Simple model of a nano
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electron and hole to be treated as
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independently, Eq. (13) is commonly
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a better description of the bulk ba
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investigated. For optical experimen
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Figure 4 (a) Absorption (solid line
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Figure 6 Normalized PLE scans for s
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Figure 8 A simplistic model for des
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Figure 10 Theoretically predicted p
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Figure 12 Schematics depicting the
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Figure 14 Calculated band-edge exci
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Figure 15 Absorption (solid line) a
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Figure 18 (a) Calculated band-edge
Page 113 and 114:
IV.BEYOND CdSeA. Indium Arsenide Na
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the six-band Luttinger Hamiltonian.
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11. Norris, D.J.; Efros, Al.L.; Ros
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69. Gaponenko, S.V.; Woggon, U.; Sa
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formation of a long-lived dark exci
Page 123 and 124:
where the constant A is determined
Page 125 and 126:
In crystals for which the function
Page 127 and 128:
The respective wave functions areC
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passive, as was shown in Ref. 12. T
Page 131 and 132:
square of the matrix element of the
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where e F = e F ieV and e F F = e x
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see that for all nanocrystal shapes
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optical recombination of the excito
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B. Recombination of the Dark Excito
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where x = cos h and f = l B g e H/3
Page 143 and 144:
The theory of the polarization memo
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Figure 7 The size dependence of the
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state would have an infinite lifeti
Page 149 and 150:
crystal axis [see Eq. (40)]. As a r
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time of the exciton momentum relaxa
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One must also account for the influ
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observed in one of the first studie
Page 157 and 158:
REFERENCES1. Bawendi, M.G.; Wilson,
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4Intraband Spectroscopyand Dynamics
Page 161 and 162:
The solid line in Fig. 1 shows the
Page 163 and 164:
Figure 2 FTIR spectra of n-type CdS
Page 165 and 166:
of the center frequency. The experi
Page 167 and 168:
limit given by radiative relaxation
Page 169 and 170:
from a long lifetime due to the pho
Page 171 and 172:
are two natural approaches to study
Page 173 and 174:
32. Inoshita, T.; Sakaki, H. Physic
Page 175 and 176:
continuous spectral tunability over
Page 177 and 178:
function and envelope function mome
Page 179 and 180:
ottleneck’’ [14,28]. Further re
Page 181 and 182:
in NQDs is dominated by nonphonon e
Page 183 and 184:
Figure 4 Dynamics of the IR postpum
Page 185 and 186:
Figure 5 (a) Time-resolved PL spect
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 6 (a) The time delay of the
Page 189 and 190:
and due to Auger-type e-h interacti
Page 191 and 192:
Figure 9 Dynamics of the 1S bleachi
Page 193 and 194:
significantly greater than the fast
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 11 (a) Pump-intensity-depend
Page 197 and 198:
NQD size. For small NQD sizes (R =
Page 199 and 200:
Figure 14 Nonlinear absorption/gain
Page 201 and 202:
sorption change associated with a s
Page 203 and 204:
where n h em is the hole ‘‘emit
Page 205 and 206:
ultrafast (subpicosecond to picosec
Page 207 and 208:
Figure 18 Schematic of transitions
Page 209 and 210:
Figure 19 Dynamics of pump-induced
Page 211 and 212:
where n i (i=1, 2 . . . , N ) is th
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Figure 21 (a) Two-e-h-pair (biexcit
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the volume fraction (filling factor
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intensity dependence of this peak (
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Page 221 and 222:
can contribute to the saturation of
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Page 225 and 226:
coupling between ‘‘volume’’
Page 227 and 228:
numerous discussions on the photoph
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53. Kang, K.; Kepner, A.; Gaponenko
Page 231 and 232:
the ‘‘on-off ’’ emission in
Page 233 and 234:
parallel form of data acquisition i
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Figure 3 (a) Spectral time trace of
Page 237 and 238:
transition energies. In fact, these
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distribution (dark line) does not d
Page 241 and 242:
exposure to only room light. In our
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statistics for the off times are in
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230Shimizu and BawendiCopyright 200
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Figure 10 (a) Time trace of a CdSe(
Page 249 and 250:
and excited QD core states to fluct
Page 251 and 252:
arrows indicate the on-time truncat
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W. K. Woo and V. C. Sundar for assi
Page 255 and 256:
size allows the electron affinity a
Page 257 and 258:
II.THEORY OF ELECTRON TRANSFER BETW
Page 259 and 260:
For the specific case of charge tra
Page 261 and 262:
dominates, the mobility is often fi
Page 263 and 264:
where the constant A and the temper
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components of modulation which are
Page 267 and 268:
nanocrystals [41], understanding ph
Page 269 and 270:
and ionization potential through tw
Page 271 and 272:
quantum dots. Furthermore, because
Page 273 and 274:
For many applications, a host mater
Page 275 and 276:
form blends with morphologies that
Page 277 and 278:
Figure 11 Photoluminescence efficie
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Figure 12 (a) Room-temperature PIA
Page 281 and 282:
discussed briefly in Section IV. Ch
Page 283 and 284:
dithiolates to thiol-terminated DNA
Page 285 and 286:
Films of passivated CdSe nanocrysta
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Figure 16 Photocurrent action spect
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decay with stretched exponential ki
Page 291 and 292:
siderably larger than might be esti
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dispersing CdSe nanocrystal chromop
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memory and charge storage effects [
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all) of the optically excited elect
Page 299 and 300:
composites of nanocrystals and conj
Page 301 and 302:
55. Asbury, J.B.; Hao, E.C.; Wang,
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108. Morgan, N.Y.; Leatherdale, C.A
Page 305 and 306:
The approaches to fabrication of se
Page 307 and 308:
Figure 1 Experimental realization o
Page 309 and 310:
Due to this voltage division, the m
Page 311 and 312:
Figure 3 Simulated tunneling spectr
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electron charging. In both positive
Page 315 and 316:
Figure 5 shows the typical features
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Figure 7 Map of levels for InAs nan
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Figure 8 Scanning electron microsco
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D CB = 0.31 eV is thus obtained. On
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Figure 11 Correlation of optical an
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atomistic approach based on pseudop
Page 327 and 328:
charging indicated that the tunneli
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capacitance values were also kept t
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could not be detected in the QD/DT/
Page 333 and 334:
Figure 18 Tunneling conductanceF sp
Page 335 and 336:
data in the inset of Fig. 19 repres
Page 337 and 338:
corresponding to the s-like wave fu
Page 339 and 340:
7. Grabert, H.; Devoret, M.H., Eds.
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66. Su, B.; Goldman, V.J.; Cunningh
Page 343 and 344:
dimensional confinement are created
Page 345 and 346:
Figure 1 Transmission electron micr
Page 347 and 348:
The room-temperature absorption and
Page 349 and 350:
narrower in samples with larger mea
Page 351 and 352:
GaInP 2 QDs from a plot of the squa
Page 353 and 354:
crystal, indicating lattice-matched
Page 355 and 356:
Figure 5 Evolution of Stranski-Kras
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
C. Efficient Anti-Stokes Photolumin
Page 363 and 364:
Because HF treatment has been shown
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
intensity of the PL when it is on a
Page 369 and 370:
eV stems from recombining carriers
Page 371 and 372:
Figure 16 Model to explain two-colo
Page 373 and 374:
although this term is not rigorousl
Page 375 and 376:
10 ps (about an order of magnitude
Page 377 and 378:
electron relaxation is inhibited an
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382: QDs, the nature of the QD capping s
Page 383 and 384: QD solution. For an interdot distan
Page 385 and 386: emission spectra of the two individ
Page 387 and 388: Figure 23 Change of the PL intensit
Page 389 and 390: (viz. the absorbed light intensity)
Page 391 and 392: Figure 25Impact ionization in QDs.m
Page 393 and 394: prevent electron-hole recombination
Page 395 and 396: 36. Miller, R.D.J.; McLendon, G.; N
Page 397 and 398: 91. Vurgaftman, I.; Singh, J. Appl.
Page 399 and 400: 139. Mićić, O.I.; Ahrenkiel, S.P.
Page 401 and 402: 10Synthesis and Fabrication of Meta
Page 403 and 404: Figure 2 (A-C) Progression of HR-TE
Page 405 and 406: Figure 3 Schematic for gold nanocry
Page 407 and 408: Nanocrystal growth can occur by two
Page 409 and 410: on the other hand, provide an ensem
Page 411 and 412: Figure 6 (a) SAXS patterns for disp
Page 413 and 414: Figure 8 The gold nanocrystal film
Page 415 and 416: of the stabilizing ligand, and the
Page 417 and 418: successfully modeled the 2D island
Page 419 and 420: 2. Steric Stabilization and a Soft
Page 421 and 422: are fully extended. Moving away fro
Page 423 and 424: Figure 11 High-resolution SEM image
Page 425 and 426: Figure 13 (A) Transmission electron
Page 427 and 428: function of the density of localize
Page 429 and 430: Figure 15 High-resolution SEM image
Page 431: thiol-capped nanocrystals [2]. The
Page 435 and 436: with the effect of the particle com
Page 437 and 438: Figure 1a shows the surface plasmon
Page 439 and 440: Figure 2 (a) Ultraviolet-visible ab
Page 441 and 442: agents [34]. The short-wavelength b
Page 443 and 444: Figure 4 (a) Plot of the plasmon ab
Page 445 and 446: the framework of traditional Mie’
Page 447 and 448: show that effects due to the surrou
Page 449 and 450: is located at the position of the g
Page 451 and 452: Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, In
Page 453 and 454: Figure 8 Ultraviolet-visible absorp
Page 455 and 456: laser pulses while being mixed in t
Page 457 and 458: Figure 10 shows HR-TEM images of go
Page 459 and 460: Figure 11 Transmission electron mic
Page 461 and 462: final irradiation product. At the s
Page 463 and 464: following the laser excitation appe
Page 465 and 466: 36. Papavassiliou, G.C. Prog. Solid
Page 467 and 468: particles to expand. Because the he
Page 469 and 470: was frequency doubled in a 1-mm B-
Page 471 and 472: Figure 2 Frequency of the acoustic
Page 473 and 474: Figure 3 Change in radius (DR/R) ve
Page 475 and 476: In this model, the electrons couple
Page 477 and 478: Figure 5 Transient bleach data for
Page 479 and 480: Figure 7 (a) Transient bleach data
Page 481 and 482: that the particles with >80% Au hav
Page 483 and 484:
3. Del Fatti, N.; Valle´e, F.; Fly
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