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22. Brus, L.E. J. Chem. Phys. 1983, 79, 5566.23. Middleton, A.A.; Wingreen, N.S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1993, 71, 3198.24. Scho¨nherr, G.; Ba¨ssler, H.; Silver, M. Phil. Mag. B 1981, 44, 47.25. Miller, A.; Abrahams, E. Phys. Rev. 1960, 120, 745.26. Van der Auweraer, M.; De Schryver, F.C.; Borsenberger, P.M.; Ba¨ssler, H.Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 199.27. Ginger, D.S.; Greenham, N.C. Phys. Rev. B 1999, 59, 10,622.28. Greenham, N.C.; Samuel, I.D.W.; Hayes, G.R.; Phillips, R.T.; Kessener,Y.A.R.R.; Moratti, S.C.; Holmes, A.B.; Friend, R.H. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1995,241, 89.29. de Mello, J.C.; Wittmann, H.F.; Friend, R.H. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 230.30. Zewail, A.H. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 12,701.31. Diels, J.-C.; Rudolph, W. Ultrashort Laser Pulse Phenomena; Academic Press:San Diego, CA, 1996.32. Demtro¨der, W. Laser Spectroscopy. Basic Concepts and Instrumentation;Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1996; 11.33. Ginger, D.S.; Greenham, N.C. J. Appl. Phys. 2000, 87, 1361.34. Winiarz, J.G.; Zhang, L.; Lal, M.; Friend, C.S.; Prasad, P.N. J. Am. Chem.Soc. 1999, 121, 5287.35. Kraabel, B.; Malko, A.; Hollingsworth, J.; Klimov, V.I. Appl. Phys. Lett.2001, 78, 1814.36. Hagfeldt, A.; Grätzel, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 269.37. Hagfeldt, A.; Grätzel, M. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 49.38. Wang, Y.; Herron, N. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1992, 200, 71.39. Wang, Y.; Herron, N.; Caspar, J. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1993, B19, 61.40. Wang, Y.; Herron, N. J. Lumin. 1996, 70, 48.41. Empedocles, S.; Bawendi, M.G. Acc. Chem. Res 1999, 32, 389.42. Brus, L.E. J. Chem. Phys. 1984, 80, 4403.43. Rabani, E.; Hetenyi, B.; Berne, B.J.; Brus, L.E. J. Chem. Phys. 1999, 110,5355.44. Franceschetti, A.; Williamson, A.; Zunger, A. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104,3398.45. Franceschetti, A.; Zunger, A. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 76, 1731.46. Efros, A.L.; Rosen, M. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 2000, 30, 475.47. O’Regan, B.; Gra¨tzel, M. Nature 1991, 353, 737.48. Savenije, T.J.; Warman, J.M.; Goosens, A. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1998, 287, 148.49. Salafsky, J.S.; Lubberhuizen, W.H.; Schropp, R.E.I. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1998,290, 297.50. van Hal, P.A.; Christiaans, M.P.T.; Wienk, M.M.; Kroon, J.M.; Janssen,R.A.J. J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 4352.51. Arango, A.C.; Carter, S.C.; Brock, P.J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1999, 74, 1698.52. Arango, A.C.; Johnson, L.R.; Bliznyuk, V.N.; Schlesinger, Z.; Carter, S.A.;Horhold, H.H. Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, 1689.53. Weller, H. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 1991, 95, 1361.54. Weller, H. Adv. Mat. 1993, 5, 88.Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
55. Asbury, J.B.; Hao, E.C.; Wang, Y.Q.; Lian, T.Q. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104,11957.56. Asbury, J.B.; Hao, E.; Wang, Y.; Ghosh, H.N.; Lian, T. J. Phys. Chem. B2001, 105, 4545.57. Asbury, J.B.; Ellingson, R.J.; Ghosh, H.N.; Ferrere, S.; Nozik, A.J.; Lian,T.Q. J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 3110.58. Huber, R.; Sporlein, S.; Moser, J.E.; Gra¨tzel, M.; Wachtveitl, J. J. Phys.Chem. B 2000, 104, 8995.59. Hässelbarth, A.; Eychmu¨ller, A.; Weller, H. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1993, 203, 271.60. Logunov, S.; Green, T.; Marguet, S.; El-Sayed, M.A. J. Phys. Chem. A 1998,102, 5652.61. Burda, C.; Green, T.C.; Link, S.; El-Sayed, M.A. J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103,1783.62. Guyot-Sionnest, P.; Shim, M.; Matranga, C.; Hines, M. Phys. Rev. B 1999,60, R2181.63. Klimov, V.I. Phys. Rev. B 2000, 61, R13,349.64. Ginger, D.S.; Dhoot, A.S.; Finlayson, C.E.; Greenham, N.C. Appl. Phys.Lett. 2000, 77, 2816.65. Schmelz, O.; Mews, A.; Basche, T.; Herrmann, A.; Mullen, K. Langmuir 2001,17, 2861.66. Cheng, J.X.; Wang, S.H.; Li, X.Y.; Yan, Y.J.; Yang, S.H.; Yang, C.L.; Wang,J.N.; Ge, W.K. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2001, 333, 375.67. Yang, C.L.; Wang, J.N.; Ge, W.K.; Wang, S.H.; Cheng, J.X.; Li, X.Y.; Yan,Y.J.; Yang, S.H. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 78, 760.68. Sariciftci, N.S.; Smilowitz, L.; Heeger, A.J.; Wudl, F. Science 1992, 258, 1474.69. Halls, J.J.M.; Walsh, C.A.; Greenham, N.C.; Marseglia, E.A.; Friend, R.H.;Moratti, S.C.; Holmes, A.B. Nature 1995, 376, 498.70. Halls, J.J.M.; Arias, A.C.; Mackenzie, J.D.; Wu, W.; Inbasekaran, M.; Woo,E.P.; Friend, R.H. Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, 498.71. Halls, J.J.M.; Pichler, K.; Friend, R.H.; Moratti, S.C.; Holmes, A.B. Appl.Phys. Lett. 1996, 68, 3120.72. Samuel, I.D.W.; Crystal, B.; Rumbles, G.; Burn, P.L.; Holmes, A.B.; Friend,R.H. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1993, 213, 472.73. Greenham, N.C.; Cacialli, F.; Bradley, D.D.C.; Friend, R.H.; Moratti, S.C.;Holmes, A.B. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1994, 328, 351.74. Kastner, M.A. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1992, 64, 849.75. Kastner, M.A. Phys. Today 1993, 46, 24.76. Klein, D.L.; McEuen, P.L.; Bowen Katari, J.E.; Roth, R.; Alivisatos, A.P.Appl. Phys. Lett. 1996, 68, 2574.77. Alperson, B.; Cohen, S.; Rubinstein, I.; Hodes, G. Phys. Rev. B 1995, 52,17,017.78. Alperson, B.; Rubinstein, I.; Hodes, G.; Porath, D.; Millo, O. Appl. Phys.Lett. 1999, 75, 1751.79. Bakkers, E.P.A.M.; Vanmaekelbergh, D. Phys. Rev. B 2000, 62, R7743.80. Banin, U.; Cao, Y.-W.; Katz, D.; Millo, O. Nature 1999, 400, 542.Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Page 1:
Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, In
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This book covers several topics of
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esult, some exciting topics were no
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3. Fine Structure and Polarization
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9. III-V Quantum Dots and Quantum D
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ContributorsUri BaninThe Hebrew Uni
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1‘‘Soft’’ Chemical Synthesi
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structure of energy states leads to
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growth can proceed by Ostwald ripen
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Figure 3 Transmission electron micr
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Figure 4 Temporal evolution of the
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No. 26, are f85% (Fig. 6) [21]. Alt
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tion spectra and broad PL spectra.
Page 32 and 33:
ing surface-to-volume ratio with di
Page 34 and 35:
Figure 8 Photoluminescence spectra
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lattice mismatch. Such a large latt
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match between InAs and ZnS of f11%.
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successfully repeated for up to thr
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Under a different growth regime, on
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Figure 14 Atomic model of the CdSe
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‘‘Teardrop-shaped’’ particl
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Figure 17 High-resolution TEMs of C
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allows isolation of tetrapods in f8
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ligand concentrations yield a reduc
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een determined and quantitatively c
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tion volumes were also shown to be
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synthesis temperatures of z400jC ar
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Figure 23 (a) Photoluminescence spe
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levels (fV1 Mn per NQD). Despite in
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Figure 25 X-ray diffraction pattern
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Figure 27 Transmission electron mic
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An additional factor that strongly
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Figure 30 (a,b) Schematics illustra
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Slow, controlled precipitation of h
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Figure 34 Schematic illustrating th
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Page 78 and 79:
achieving biological compatibility
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47. Yu H.; Gibbons P.C.; Kelton K.F
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2Electronic Structure inSemiconduct
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Figure 2 (a) Simple model of a nano
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electron and hole to be treated as
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independently, Eq. (13) is commonly
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a better description of the bulk ba
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investigated. For optical experimen
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Figure 4 (a) Absorption (solid line
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Figure 6 Normalized PLE scans for s
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Figure 8 A simplistic model for des
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Figure 10 Theoretically predicted p
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Figure 12 Schematics depicting the
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Figure 14 Calculated band-edge exci
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Figure 15 Absorption (solid line) a
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Figure 18 (a) Calculated band-edge
Page 113 and 114:
IV.BEYOND CdSeA. Indium Arsenide Na
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the six-band Luttinger Hamiltonian.
Page 117 and 118:
11. Norris, D.J.; Efros, Al.L.; Ros
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69. Gaponenko, S.V.; Woggon, U.; Sa
Page 121 and 122:
formation of a long-lived dark exci
Page 123 and 124:
where the constant A is determined
Page 125 and 126:
In crystals for which the function
Page 127 and 128:
The respective wave functions areC
Page 129 and 130:
passive, as was shown in Ref. 12. T
Page 131 and 132:
square of the matrix element of the
Page 133 and 134:
where e F = e F ieV and e F F = e x
Page 135 and 136:
see that for all nanocrystal shapes
Page 137 and 138:
optical recombination of the excito
Page 139 and 140:
B. Recombination of the Dark Excito
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where x = cos h and f = l B g e H/3
Page 143 and 144:
The theory of the polarization memo
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 7 The size dependence of the
Page 147 and 148:
state would have an infinite lifeti
Page 149 and 150:
crystal axis [see Eq. (40)]. As a r
Page 151 and 152:
time of the exciton momentum relaxa
Page 153 and 154:
One must also account for the influ
Page 155 and 156:
observed in one of the first studie
Page 157 and 158:
REFERENCES1. Bawendi, M.G.; Wilson,
Page 159 and 160:
4Intraband Spectroscopyand Dynamics
Page 161 and 162:
The solid line in Fig. 1 shows the
Page 163 and 164:
Figure 2 FTIR spectra of n-type CdS
Page 165 and 166:
of the center frequency. The experi
Page 167 and 168:
limit given by radiative relaxation
Page 169 and 170:
from a long lifetime due to the pho
Page 171 and 172:
are two natural approaches to study
Page 173 and 174:
32. Inoshita, T.; Sakaki, H. Physic
Page 175 and 176:
continuous spectral tunability over
Page 177 and 178:
function and envelope function mome
Page 179 and 180:
ottleneck’’ [14,28]. Further re
Page 181 and 182:
in NQDs is dominated by nonphonon e
Page 183 and 184:
Figure 4 Dynamics of the IR postpum
Page 185 and 186:
Figure 5 (a) Time-resolved PL spect
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 6 (a) The time delay of the
Page 189 and 190:
and due to Auger-type e-h interacti
Page 191 and 192:
Figure 9 Dynamics of the 1S bleachi
Page 193 and 194:
significantly greater than the fast
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 11 (a) Pump-intensity-depend
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NQD size. For small NQD sizes (R =
Page 199 and 200:
Figure 14 Nonlinear absorption/gain
Page 201 and 202:
sorption change associated with a s
Page 203 and 204:
where n h em is the hole ‘‘emit
Page 205 and 206:
ultrafast (subpicosecond to picosec
Page 207 and 208:
Figure 18 Schematic of transitions
Page 209 and 210:
Figure 19 Dynamics of pump-induced
Page 211 and 212:
where n i (i=1, 2 . . . , N ) is th
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Figure 21 (a) Two-e-h-pair (biexcit
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the volume fraction (filling factor
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intensity dependence of this peak (
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Page 221 and 222:
can contribute to the saturation of
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
coupling between ‘‘volume’’
Page 227 and 228:
numerous discussions on the photoph
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53. Kang, K.; Kepner, A.; Gaponenko
Page 231 and 232:
the ‘‘on-off ’’ emission in
Page 233 and 234:
parallel form of data acquisition i
Page 235 and 236:
Figure 3 (a) Spectral time trace of
Page 237 and 238:
transition energies. In fact, these
Page 239 and 240:
distribution (dark line) does not d
Page 241 and 242:
exposure to only room light. In our
Page 243 and 244:
statistics for the off times are in
Page 245 and 246:
230Shimizu and BawendiCopyright 200
Page 247 and 248:
Figure 10 (a) Time trace of a CdSe(
Page 249 and 250: and excited QD core states to fluct
Page 251 and 252: arrows indicate the on-time truncat
Page 253 and 254: W. K. Woo and V. C. Sundar for assi
Page 255 and 256: size allows the electron affinity a
Page 257 and 258: II.THEORY OF ELECTRON TRANSFER BETW
Page 259 and 260: For the specific case of charge tra
Page 261 and 262: dominates, the mobility is often fi
Page 263 and 264: where the constant A and the temper
Page 265 and 266: components of modulation which are
Page 267 and 268: nanocrystals [41], understanding ph
Page 269 and 270: and ionization potential through tw
Page 271 and 272: quantum dots. Furthermore, because
Page 273 and 274: For many applications, a host mater
Page 275 and 276: form blends with morphologies that
Page 277 and 278: Figure 11 Photoluminescence efficie
Page 279 and 280: Figure 12 (a) Room-temperature PIA
Page 281 and 282: discussed briefly in Section IV. Ch
Page 283 and 284: dithiolates to thiol-terminated DNA
Page 285 and 286: Films of passivated CdSe nanocrysta
Page 287 and 288: Figure 16 Photocurrent action spect
Page 289 and 290: decay with stretched exponential ki
Page 291 and 292: siderably larger than might be esti
Page 293 and 294: dispersing CdSe nanocrystal chromop
Page 295 and 296: memory and charge storage effects [
Page 297 and 298: all) of the optically excited elect
Page 299: composites of nanocrystals and conj
Page 303 and 304: 108. Morgan, N.Y.; Leatherdale, C.A
Page 305 and 306: The approaches to fabrication of se
Page 307 and 308: Figure 1 Experimental realization o
Page 309 and 310: Due to this voltage division, the m
Page 311 and 312: Figure 3 Simulated tunneling spectr
Page 313 and 314: electron charging. In both positive
Page 315 and 316: Figure 5 shows the typical features
Page 317 and 318: Figure 7 Map of levels for InAs nan
Page 319 and 320: Figure 8 Scanning electron microsco
Page 321 and 322: D CB = 0.31 eV is thus obtained. On
Page 323 and 324: Figure 11 Correlation of optical an
Page 325 and 326: atomistic approach based on pseudop
Page 327 and 328: charging indicated that the tunneli
Page 329 and 330: capacitance values were also kept t
Page 331 and 332: could not be detected in the QD/DT/
Page 333 and 334: Figure 18 Tunneling conductanceF sp
Page 335 and 336: data in the inset of Fig. 19 repres
Page 337 and 338: corresponding to the s-like wave fu
Page 339 and 340: 7. Grabert, H.; Devoret, M.H., Eds.
Page 341 and 342: 66. Su, B.; Goldman, V.J.; Cunningh
Page 343 and 344: dimensional confinement are created
Page 345 and 346: Figure 1 Transmission electron micr
Page 347 and 348: The room-temperature absorption and
Page 349 and 350: narrower in samples with larger mea
Page 351 and 352:
GaInP 2 QDs from a plot of the squa
Page 353 and 354:
crystal, indicating lattice-matched
Page 355 and 356:
Figure 5 Evolution of Stranski-Kras
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
C. Efficient Anti-Stokes Photolumin
Page 363 and 364:
Because HF treatment has been shown
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
intensity of the PL when it is on a
Page 369 and 370:
eV stems from recombining carriers
Page 371 and 372:
Figure 16 Model to explain two-colo
Page 373 and 374:
although this term is not rigorousl
Page 375 and 376:
10 ps (about an order of magnitude
Page 377 and 378:
electron relaxation is inhibited an
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
QDs, the nature of the QD capping s
Page 383 and 384:
QD solution. For an interdot distan
Page 385 and 386:
emission spectra of the two individ
Page 387 and 388:
Figure 23 Change of the PL intensit
Page 389 and 390:
(viz. the absorbed light intensity)
Page 391 and 392:
Figure 25Impact ionization in QDs.m
Page 393 and 394:
prevent electron-hole recombination
Page 395 and 396:
36. Miller, R.D.J.; McLendon, G.; N
Page 397 and 398:
91. Vurgaftman, I.; Singh, J. Appl.
Page 399 and 400:
139. Mićić, O.I.; Ahrenkiel, S.P.
Page 401 and 402:
10Synthesis and Fabrication of Meta
Page 403 and 404:
Figure 2 (A-C) Progression of HR-TE
Page 405 and 406:
Figure 3 Schematic for gold nanocry
Page 407 and 408:
Nanocrystal growth can occur by two
Page 409 and 410:
on the other hand, provide an ensem
Page 411 and 412:
Figure 6 (a) SAXS patterns for disp
Page 413 and 414:
Figure 8 The gold nanocrystal film
Page 415 and 416:
of the stabilizing ligand, and the
Page 417 and 418:
successfully modeled the 2D island
Page 419 and 420:
2. Steric Stabilization and a Soft
Page 421 and 422:
are fully extended. Moving away fro
Page 423 and 424:
Figure 11 High-resolution SEM image
Page 425 and 426:
Figure 13 (A) Transmission electron
Page 427 and 428:
function of the density of localize
Page 429 and 430:
Figure 15 High-resolution SEM image
Page 431 and 432:
thiol-capped nanocrystals [2]. The
Page 433 and 434:
41. Ackerson, B.J. Nature 1993, 365
Page 435 and 436:
with the effect of the particle com
Page 437 and 438:
Figure 1a shows the surface plasmon
Page 439 and 440:
Figure 2 (a) Ultraviolet-visible ab
Page 441 and 442:
agents [34]. The short-wavelength b
Page 443 and 444:
Figure 4 (a) Plot of the plasmon ab
Page 445 and 446:
the framework of traditional Mie’
Page 447 and 448:
show that effects due to the surrou
Page 449 and 450:
is located at the position of the g
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Figure 8 Ultraviolet-visible absorp
Page 455 and 456:
laser pulses while being mixed in t
Page 457 and 458:
Figure 10 shows HR-TEM images of go
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
final irradiation product. At the s
Page 463 and 464:
following the laser excitation appe
Page 465 and 466:
36. Papavassiliou, G.C. Prog. Solid
Page 467 and 468:
particles to expand. Because the he
Page 469 and 470:
was frequency doubled in a 1-mm B-
Page 471 and 472:
Figure 2 Frequency of the acoustic
Page 473 and 474:
Figure 3 Change in radius (DR/R) ve
Page 475 and 476:
In this model, the electrons couple
Page 477 and 478:
Figure 5 Transient bleach data for
Page 479 and 480:
Figure 7 (a) Transient bleach data
Page 481 and 482:
that the particles with >80% Au hav
Page 483 and 484:
3. Del Fatti, N.; Valle´e, F.; Fly
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