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115. Kral, K.; Khas, Z. Phys. Status Solidi B 1998, 208, R5.116. Klimov, V.I.; McBranch, D.W. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1998, 80, 4028.117. Bimberg, D.; Ledentsov, N.N.; Grundmann, M.; Heitz, R.; Boehrer, J.;Ustinov, V.M.; Kop’ev, P.S.; Alferov, Z.I. J. Lumin. 1997, 72–74, 34.118. Woggon, U.; Giessen, H.; Gindele, F.; Wind, O.; Fluegel, B.; Peyghambarian,N. Phys. Rev. B 1996, 54, 17,681.119. Grundmann, M.; Heitz, R.; Ledentsov, N.; Stier, O.; Bimberg, D.; Ustinov,V.M.; Kop’ev, P.S.; Alferov, Z.I.; Ruvimov, S.S.; Werner, P.; Go¨sele, U.;Heydenreich, J. Superlattices Microstruct. 1996, 19, 81.120. Williams, V.S.; Olbright, G.R.; Fluegel, B.D.; Koch, S.W.; Peyghambarian, N.J. Mod. Opti. 1988, 35, 1979.121. Ohnesorge, B.; Albrecht, M.; Oshinowo, J.; Forchel, A.; Arakawa, Y. Phys.Rev. B 1996, 54, 11,532.122. Wang, G.; Fafard, S.; Leonard, D.; Bowers, J.E.; Merz, J.L.; Petroff, P.M.Appl. Phys. Lett. 1994, 64, 2815.123. Heitz, R.; Veit, M.; Kalburge, A.; Xie, Q.; Grundmann, M.; Chen, P.;Ledentsov, N.N.; Hoffman, A.; Madhukar, A.; Bimberg, D.; Ustinov, V.M.;Kop’ev, P.S.; Alferov, Z.I. Physica E (Amsterdam) 1998, 2, 578.124. Li, X.-Q.; Arakawa, Y. Phys. Rev. B 1998, 57, 12,285.125. Sosnowski, T.S.; Norris, T.B.; Jiang, H.; Singh, J.; Kamath, K.; Bhattacharya,P. Phys. Rev. B 1998, 57, R9423.126. Meier, A.; Selmarten, D.C.; Siemoneit, K.; Smith, B.B.; Nozik, A.J. J. Phys.Chem. B 1999, 103, 2122.127. Meier, A.; Kocha, S.S.; Hanna, M.C.; Nozik, A.J.; Siemoneit, K.; Reineke-Koch, R.; Memming, R. J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 7038.128. Diol, S.J.; Poles, E.; Rosenwaks, Y.; Miller, R.J.D. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102,6193.129. Klimov, V.I.; Mikhailovsky, A.A.; McBranch, D.W.; Leatherdale, C.A.;Bawendi, M.G. Phys. Rev. B 2000, 61 , R13,349.130. Ellingson, R.J.; Blackburn, J.L.; Nedeljkovic, J.; Rumbles, G.; Jones, M.; Fu,X.; Nozik, A.J. Phys. Rev. B 2003, 67, 75308.131. Blackburn, J.; Ellingson, R.J.; Micíć, O.I.; Nozik, A.J. J. Phys. Chem. B 2003,107, 102.132. Klimov, V.I.; McBranch, D.W.; Leatherdale, C.A.; Bawendi, M.G. Phys. Rev.B 1999, 60, 13,740.133. Klimov, V.I. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 6112.134. Micíc´, O.I.; Jones, K.M.; Cahill, A.; Nozik, A.J. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102,9791.135. Murray, C.B.; Kagan, C.R.; Bawendi, M.G. Science 1995, 270, 1335.136. Collier, C.P.; Vossmeyer, T.; Heath, J.R. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 1998, 49,371.137. Leatherdale, C.A.; Kagan, C.R.; Morgan, N.Y.; Empedocles, S.A.; Kastner,M.A.; Bawendi, M.G. Phys. Rev. B 2000, 62, 2669.138. Artemyev, M.V.; Bibik, A.I.; Gurinovich, L.I.; Gaponenko, S.V.; Woggon, U.Phys. Rev. B 1999, 60, 1504.Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
139. Mićić, O.I.; Ahrenkiel, S.P.; Nozik, A.J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 78, 4022.140. Leff, D.V.; Brandt, L.; Heath, J.R. Langmuir 1996, 12, 4723.141. Motte, L.; Pileni, M.P. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 4104.142. Schedelbeck, G.; Wegscheider, W.; Bichler, M.; Abstreiter, G. Science 1997,278, 1792.143. Vdovin, E.E.; Levin, A.; Patane` , A.; Eaves, L.; Main, P.C.; Khanin, Y.N.;Dubrovskii, Y.V.; Henini, M.; Hill, G. Science 2000, 290, 120.144. Bayer, M.; Hawrylak, P.; Hinzer, K.; Fafard, S.; Korkusinski, M.; Wasilewski,Z.R.; Stern, O.; Forchel, A. Science 2001, 291, 451.145. Smith, B.B.; Nozik, A.J. Nano Lett. 2001, 1, 36.146. Kagan, C.R.; Nirmal, MurrayM.; Bawendi, M.G. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1996, 76,1517.147. Kagan, C.R.; Murray, C.B.; Nirmal, M.; Bawendi, M.G. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1996,76, 3043 (erratum).148. Kagan, C.R.; Murray, C.B.; Bawendi, M.G. Phys. Rev. B 1996, 54, 8633.149. Shockley, W.; Queisser, H.J. J. Appl. Phys. 1961, 32, 510.150. Ross, R.T. J. Chem. Phys. 1966, 45, 1.151. Ross, R.T. J. Chem. Phys. 1967, 46, 4590.152. Green, M.A. Third Generation Photovoltaics; Bridge Printery: Sydney, 2001.153. Green, M.A. Solar Cells; Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1982.154. Ross, R.T.; Nozik, A.J. J. Appl. Phys. 1982, 53, 3813.155. Landsberg, P.T.; Nussbaumer, H.; Willeke, G. J. Appl. Phys. 1993, 74, 1451.156. Kolodinski, S.; Werner, J.H.; Wittchen, T.; Queisser, H.J. Appl. Phys. Lett.1993, 63, 2405.157. Nozik, A.J. Physica E, 2002, 14, 115.158. Luque, A.; Marti, A. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1997, 78, 5014.159. Nozik, A.J. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (Lond) 1980, A295, 453.160. Pelouch, W.S.; Ellingson, R.J.; Powers, P.E.; Tang, C.L.; Szmyd, D.M.; Nozik,A.J. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 1992, 7, B337.161. Nozik, A.J. unpublished manuscript, 1996.162. Murray, C.B.; Kagan, C.R.; Bawendi, M.G. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 2000, 30,545.163. Nakata, Y.; Sugiyama, Y.; Sugawara, M. In Semiconductors and Semimetals;Sugawara, M., Ed.; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 1999; Vol. 60, 117 pp.164. Hagfeldt, A.; Gra¨tzel, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 269.165. Moser, J.; Bonnote, P.; Gra¨tzel, M. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1998, 171, 245.166. Grätzel, M. Prog. Photovolt. 2000, 8, 171.167. Zaban, A.; Micíć, O.I.; Gregg, B.A.; Nozik, A.J. Langmuir 1998, 14, 3153.168. Vogel, R.; Weller, H. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 3183.169. Weller, H. Ber. Bunsen-ges. Phys. Chem 1991, 95, 1361.170. Liu, D.; Kamat, P.V. J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 10,769.171. Hoyer, P.; Ko¨nenkamp, R. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1995, 66, 349.172. Nozik, A.J. unpublished manuscript, 1997.173. Greenham, N.C.; Poeng, X.; Alivisatos, A.P. Phys. Rev. B 1996, 54, 17,628.174. Greenham, N.C.; Peng, X.; Alivisatos, A.P. In Future Generation PhotovoltaicCopyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, In
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This book covers several topics of
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esult, some exciting topics were no
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3. Fine Structure and Polarization
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9. III-V Quantum Dots and Quantum D
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ContributorsUri BaninThe Hebrew Uni
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1‘‘Soft’’ Chemical Synthesi
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structure of energy states leads to
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growth can proceed by Ostwald ripen
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Figure 3 Transmission electron micr
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Figure 4 Temporal evolution of the
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No. 26, are f85% (Fig. 6) [21]. Alt
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tion spectra and broad PL spectra.
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ing surface-to-volume ratio with di
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Figure 8 Photoluminescence spectra
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lattice mismatch. Such a large latt
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match between InAs and ZnS of f11%.
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successfully repeated for up to thr
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Under a different growth regime, on
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Figure 14 Atomic model of the CdSe
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‘‘Teardrop-shaped’’ particl
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Figure 17 High-resolution TEMs of C
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allows isolation of tetrapods in f8
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ligand concentrations yield a reduc
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een determined and quantitatively c
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tion volumes were also shown to be
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synthesis temperatures of z400jC ar
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Figure 23 (a) Photoluminescence spe
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levels (fV1 Mn per NQD). Despite in
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Figure 25 X-ray diffraction pattern
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Figure 27 Transmission electron mic
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An additional factor that strongly
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Figure 30 (a,b) Schematics illustra
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Slow, controlled precipitation of h
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Figure 34 Schematic illustrating th
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achieving biological compatibility
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47. Yu H.; Gibbons P.C.; Kelton K.F
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2Electronic Structure inSemiconduct
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Figure 2 (a) Simple model of a nano
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electron and hole to be treated as
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independently, Eq. (13) is commonly
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a better description of the bulk ba
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investigated. For optical experimen
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Figure 4 (a) Absorption (solid line
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Figure 6 Normalized PLE scans for s
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Figure 8 A simplistic model for des
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Figure 10 Theoretically predicted p
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Figure 12 Schematics depicting the
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Figure 14 Calculated band-edge exci
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Figure 15 Absorption (solid line) a
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Figure 18 (a) Calculated band-edge
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IV.BEYOND CdSeA. Indium Arsenide Na
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the six-band Luttinger Hamiltonian.
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11. Norris, D.J.; Efros, Al.L.; Ros
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69. Gaponenko, S.V.; Woggon, U.; Sa
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formation of a long-lived dark exci
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where the constant A is determined
Page 125 and 126:
In crystals for which the function
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The respective wave functions areC
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passive, as was shown in Ref. 12. T
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square of the matrix element of the
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where e F = e F ieV and e F F = e x
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see that for all nanocrystal shapes
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optical recombination of the excito
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B. Recombination of the Dark Excito
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where x = cos h and f = l B g e H/3
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The theory of the polarization memo
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Figure 7 The size dependence of the
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state would have an infinite lifeti
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crystal axis [see Eq. (40)]. As a r
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time of the exciton momentum relaxa
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One must also account for the influ
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observed in one of the first studie
Page 157 and 158:
REFERENCES1. Bawendi, M.G.; Wilson,
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4Intraband Spectroscopyand Dynamics
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The solid line in Fig. 1 shows the
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Figure 2 FTIR spectra of n-type CdS
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of the center frequency. The experi
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limit given by radiative relaxation
Page 169 and 170:
from a long lifetime due to the pho
Page 171 and 172:
are two natural approaches to study
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32. Inoshita, T.; Sakaki, H. Physic
Page 175 and 176:
continuous spectral tunability over
Page 177 and 178:
function and envelope function mome
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ottleneck’’ [14,28]. Further re
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in NQDs is dominated by nonphonon e
Page 183 and 184:
Figure 4 Dynamics of the IR postpum
Page 185 and 186:
Figure 5 (a) Time-resolved PL spect
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 6 (a) The time delay of the
Page 189 and 190:
and due to Auger-type e-h interacti
Page 191 and 192:
Figure 9 Dynamics of the 1S bleachi
Page 193 and 194:
significantly greater than the fast
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 11 (a) Pump-intensity-depend
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NQD size. For small NQD sizes (R =
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Figure 14 Nonlinear absorption/gain
Page 201 and 202:
sorption change associated with a s
Page 203 and 204:
where n h em is the hole ‘‘emit
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ultrafast (subpicosecond to picosec
Page 207 and 208:
Figure 18 Schematic of transitions
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Figure 19 Dynamics of pump-induced
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where n i (i=1, 2 . . . , N ) is th
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Figure 21 (a) Two-e-h-pair (biexcit
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the volume fraction (filling factor
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intensity dependence of this peak (
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can contribute to the saturation of
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Page 225 and 226:
coupling between ‘‘volume’’
Page 227 and 228:
numerous discussions on the photoph
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53. Kang, K.; Kepner, A.; Gaponenko
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the ‘‘on-off ’’ emission in
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parallel form of data acquisition i
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Figure 3 (a) Spectral time trace of
Page 237 and 238:
transition energies. In fact, these
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distribution (dark line) does not d
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exposure to only room light. In our
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statistics for the off times are in
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230Shimizu and BawendiCopyright 200
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Figure 10 (a) Time trace of a CdSe(
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and excited QD core states to fluct
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arrows indicate the on-time truncat
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W. K. Woo and V. C. Sundar for assi
Page 255 and 256:
size allows the electron affinity a
Page 257 and 258:
II.THEORY OF ELECTRON TRANSFER BETW
Page 259 and 260:
For the specific case of charge tra
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dominates, the mobility is often fi
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where the constant A and the temper
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components of modulation which are
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nanocrystals [41], understanding ph
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and ionization potential through tw
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quantum dots. Furthermore, because
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For many applications, a host mater
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form blends with morphologies that
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Figure 11 Photoluminescence efficie
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Figure 12 (a) Room-temperature PIA
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discussed briefly in Section IV. Ch
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dithiolates to thiol-terminated DNA
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Films of passivated CdSe nanocrysta
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Figure 16 Photocurrent action spect
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decay with stretched exponential ki
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siderably larger than might be esti
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dispersing CdSe nanocrystal chromop
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memory and charge storage effects [
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all) of the optically excited elect
Page 299 and 300:
composites of nanocrystals and conj
Page 301 and 302:
55. Asbury, J.B.; Hao, E.C.; Wang,
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108. Morgan, N.Y.; Leatherdale, C.A
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The approaches to fabrication of se
Page 307 and 308:
Figure 1 Experimental realization o
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Due to this voltage division, the m
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Figure 3 Simulated tunneling spectr
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electron charging. In both positive
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Figure 5 shows the typical features
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Figure 7 Map of levels for InAs nan
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Figure 8 Scanning electron microsco
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D CB = 0.31 eV is thus obtained. On
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Figure 11 Correlation of optical an
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atomistic approach based on pseudop
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charging indicated that the tunneli
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capacitance values were also kept t
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could not be detected in the QD/DT/
Page 333 and 334:
Figure 18 Tunneling conductanceF sp
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data in the inset of Fig. 19 repres
Page 337 and 338:
corresponding to the s-like wave fu
Page 339 and 340:
7. Grabert, H.; Devoret, M.H., Eds.
Page 341 and 342:
66. Su, B.; Goldman, V.J.; Cunningh
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dimensional confinement are created
Page 345 and 346:
Figure 1 Transmission electron micr
Page 347 and 348: The room-temperature absorption and
Page 349 and 350: narrower in samples with larger mea
Page 351 and 352: GaInP 2 QDs from a plot of the squa
Page 353 and 354: crystal, indicating lattice-matched
Page 355 and 356: Figure 5 Evolution of Stranski-Kras
Page 357 and 358: Figure 7 Photoluminescence spectra
Page 359 and 360: Figure 8 Photoluminescence spectra
Page 361 and 362: C. Efficient Anti-Stokes Photolumin
Page 363 and 364: Because HF treatment has been shown
Page 365 and 366: Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, In
Page 367 and 368: intensity of the PL when it is on a
Page 369 and 370: eV stems from recombining carriers
Page 371 and 372: Figure 16 Model to explain two-colo
Page 373 and 374: although this term is not rigorousl
Page 375 and 376: 10 ps (about an order of magnitude
Page 377 and 378: electron relaxation is inhibited an
Page 379 and 380: Figure 18 Transmission electron mic
Page 381 and 382: QDs, the nature of the QD capping s
Page 383 and 384: QD solution. For an interdot distan
Page 385 and 386: emission spectra of the two individ
Page 387 and 388: Figure 23 Change of the PL intensit
Page 389 and 390: (viz. the absorbed light intensity)
Page 391 and 392: Figure 25Impact ionization in QDs.m
Page 393 and 394: prevent electron-hole recombination
Page 395 and 396: 36. Miller, R.D.J.; McLendon, G.; N
Page 397: 91. Vurgaftman, I.; Singh, J. Appl.
Page 401 and 402: 10Synthesis and Fabrication of Meta
Page 403 and 404: Figure 2 (A-C) Progression of HR-TE
Page 405 and 406: Figure 3 Schematic for gold nanocry
Page 407 and 408: Nanocrystal growth can occur by two
Page 409 and 410: on the other hand, provide an ensem
Page 411 and 412: Figure 6 (a) SAXS patterns for disp
Page 413 and 414: Figure 8 The gold nanocrystal film
Page 415 and 416: of the stabilizing ligand, and the
Page 417 and 418: successfully modeled the 2D island
Page 419 and 420: 2. Steric Stabilization and a Soft
Page 421 and 422: are fully extended. Moving away fro
Page 423 and 424: Figure 11 High-resolution SEM image
Page 425 and 426: Figure 13 (A) Transmission electron
Page 427 and 428: function of the density of localize
Page 429 and 430: Figure 15 High-resolution SEM image
Page 431 and 432: thiol-capped nanocrystals [2]. The
Page 433 and 434: 41. Ackerson, B.J. Nature 1993, 365
Page 435 and 436: with the effect of the particle com
Page 437 and 438: Figure 1a shows the surface plasmon
Page 439 and 440: Figure 2 (a) Ultraviolet-visible ab
Page 441 and 442: agents [34]. The short-wavelength b
Page 443 and 444: Figure 4 (a) Plot of the plasmon ab
Page 445 and 446: the framework of traditional Mie’
Page 447 and 448: show that effects due to the surrou
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is located at the position of the g
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Figure 8 Ultraviolet-visible absorp
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laser pulses while being mixed in t
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Figure 10 shows HR-TEM images of go
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
final irradiation product. At the s
Page 463 and 464:
following the laser excitation appe
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36. Papavassiliou, G.C. Prog. Solid
Page 467 and 468:
particles to expand. Because the he
Page 469 and 470:
was frequency doubled in a 1-mm B-
Page 471 and 472:
Figure 2 Frequency of the acoustic
Page 473 and 474:
Figure 3 Change in radius (DR/R) ve
Page 475 and 476:
In this model, the electrons couple
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Figure 5 Transient bleach data for
Page 479 and 480:
Figure 7 (a) Transient bleach data
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that the particles with >80% Au hav
Page 483 and 484:
3. Del Fatti, N.; Valleé, F.; Fly
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