Proceedings of 8th European Assembly on telework (Telework2001)

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49Table 1Intensity <strong>of</strong> telework in the EU 1Share <strong>of</strong> working time spentteleworking at homein % <strong>of</strong> all homebasedteleworkersabout 1 day 51.3about 2 days 30.3about 3-4 days 4.6Almost 5 days or permanent 6.3n.a. 7.5Source: empirica ECaTT 1999All types <strong>of</strong> telework have in recent years expanded in EU Member States and will continue to doso in the coming years. Different reasons have been responsible for the speed <strong>of</strong> the diffusion, mostimportantly the discovery <strong>of</strong> telework as a cost-cutting measure, the need for increasing employeeproductivity in times <strong>of</strong> scarcity <strong>of</strong> qualified workers, the growing awareness <strong>of</strong> the economiccosts <strong>of</strong> commuting, increasing numbers <strong>of</strong> companies with work-life balance policies, and theavailability <strong>of</strong> remote access and other ICT solutions for cost-effective working at a distance.Table 2:The spread <strong>of</strong> telework in Europe 1999 - 2005 2Home-based teleworkers(in % <strong>of</strong> labour force)1999 (ECaTT)2005(estimate)All teleworkers(in % <strong>of</strong> labour force)1999 (ECaTT)2005(estimate)Denmark 4.5 10.2 10.5 19.4Finland 6.7 16.7 16.8 29.4France 1.2 2.4 2.9 4.8Germany 1.5 4.0 6.0 12.6Ireland 1.0 2.1 4.4 7.7Italy 1.6 4.2 3.6 7.1Netherlands 4.0 9.7 14.5 25.2Spain 1.3 2.7 2.8 5.4Sweden 5.3 11.2 15.2 24.3United Kingdom 2.4 4.3 7.6 11.7EU10 2.0 4.2 6.1 10.8Data source: TELDET 1994; ECaTT 1999 Source: [9]1Figures are weighted averages for the EU102For information on the methodology used for estimating 2005 fi gures, see (9)
50According to our forecasts using demand and supply-side data, we come to the conclusion that inthe year 2005 10.8% <strong>of</strong> <strong>European</strong> employees will practice one form <strong>of</strong> telework or another (seeTable 2). In countries like Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden, between one fourth and one third<strong>of</strong> the labour force will be teleworkers.3. The Dimensions <strong>of</strong> Change <strong>of</strong> Work and New Ways <strong>of</strong> WorkingThe concept <strong>of</strong> work according to the understanding <strong>of</strong> social scientists as well as the generalpublic has changed. This change has occurred along the following dimensions [3]:• Working time: This includes the variables• average working time per day, month, year, etc.;• working time distribution across daytime, week, months, etc.;• working time variability (which might be attuned to the demands <strong>of</strong> business, e.g. shiftwork, or to the preferences <strong>of</strong> workers, e.g. flexitime).• Working place: All types <strong>of</strong> telework are examples for changes that concern the spatial/locational organisation <strong>of</strong> work. Tele-cooperation, where the location <strong>of</strong> work stays more or lessthe same but the spatial organisation <strong>of</strong> teamwork and collaboration is geographically extendedover IT networks, is another example.• Type <strong>of</strong> contract: This refers to the contract that underlays the relationship between worker andthe organisation that utilises the work products, e.g. a contract <strong>of</strong> employment or a contractor/client-relationship that is based on self-employment. Differences in the duration <strong>of</strong> employmentcontracts affect average job tenure. Moreover, the contract defines the extent to whichcompensation is based on the input (working time) or the output (work products) <strong>of</strong> work.• Applied skills (work content): The skills workers apply in the production process define thecontent <strong>of</strong> their work (and vice versa). Work content has been hugely affected by the increasing‘informatisation’ <strong>of</strong> work and changes to the variability <strong>of</strong> work tasks and access to work-relateddecision making. The latter is <strong>of</strong>ten discussed under the headings job enrichment, jobenlargement and worker empowerment. Continuous training, to make workers capable <strong>of</strong> takingover more responsibility, is a key element in this respect.These dimensions are not be understood as being mutually exclusive, as multiple relationshipsexist between them. Due to the complexity <strong>of</strong> flexibility developments on hand, it is also notappropriate to try to draw a clear line between ‘traditional’ and ‘new ways <strong>of</strong> working’. Rather, amore useful approach is to think <strong>of</strong> jobs as being classified along a number <strong>of</strong> spectra/dimensions.There is a widespread consensus among researchers that, although change tends to be gradual bynature, two distinct periods can be differentiated with regard to dominating social concepts <strong>of</strong> workin recent times. The first is the post-WWII period <strong>of</strong> relative stability, the second is the period <strong>of</strong>economic restructuring that began in the first half <strong>of</strong> the 1970s, with an additional push in intensityin the 1980s and 1990s enabled by ICTs. Both periods where accompanied by what we want to calla work paradigm, i.e. a consensus about how work had to be ‘properly’ organised and supported bythe socio-political framework. We call these the ‘post WWII work paradigm’ and the ‘21st century
Page 3: 4PREFACENew ways of</strong
Page 7 and 8: 8PARALLEL SESSION PRESENTATIONSI Gl
Page 10 and 11: 11PLENARY SESSION PRESENTATIONSI St
Page 12 and 13: 13Learning and organizational devel
Page 14 and 15: 15The New Policy Agenda for eWork i
Page 16: 17eWork has also emerged as a key f
Page 19 and 20: 20Telework and local entrepreneursh
Page 21 and 22: 22involves interaction and planning
Page 24 and 25: 25The Green Paper is also addressin
Page 26 and 27: 27Information society, Globalisatio
Page 28 and 29: 29The European Uni
Page 30 and 31: 31The Commission paperThe Commissio
Page 32 and 33: 33Summary from EPRI meeting 1Jouni
Page 34 and 35: 35It was agreed that online access
Page 36 and 37: 37Professor Turkka
Page 38 and 39: 39Delegations from 24 Europ
Page 40 and 41: 41ConclusionsMatti Salmenperä, Dir
Page 42: 43The role of tech
Page 45 and 46: 46e-Work in Europe - Indicators for
Page 47: 48The results from the ECaTT projec
Page 51 and 52: 52In general, the transition from t
Page 53 and 54: 54market adaptablity (in the EC und
Page 55 and 56: 56Tele-cooperation is already widel
Page 57 and 58: 58As Table 7 shows, overall self-em
Page 59 and 60: 60the traditional view of</
Page 61 and 62: 62Figure 4:Adaptability of<
Page 63 and 64: 646. Summary and ConclusionsThe pre
Page 65 and 66: 66Virtual work in a real worldUrsul
Page 67 and 68: 68Still more misleading is the assu
Page 69 and 70: 70what, then, has changed?Any analy
Page 71 and 72: 72Preliminary results of</s
Page 73 and 74: 74Figure 3:eWork demand in Europe,
Page 75 and 76: 76As can be seen, by far the most c
Page 77 and 78: 78Information Security in E-workArt
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Page 81 and 82: 82Accommodating the new economy:The
Page 83 and 84: 84With distributed workforces only
Page 85 and 86: 86As the level of
Page 87 and 88: 885. SANE future research tasksThe
Page 89 and 90: 90Awareness: For fluent distributed
Page 91 and 92: 92On a 17” screen the user is abl
Page 94 and 95: 95PARALLEL SESSION PRESENTATIONSI G
Page 96 and 97: 972. The set of VI
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99What is global e-Work?E-work is w
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101Contribution to progress in the
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103Most relevant: The unprecedented
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105PARALLEL SESSION PRESENTATIONSII
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107The Siemens CaseSiemens Finland
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109Challenges of v
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111Teleware’s combination trainin
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113PARALLEL SESSION PRESENTATIONSII
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115Towns should regain their anothe
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117In order to be successful, devel
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119The Models of I
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121Table 1.Telework implementation
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123of threats in o
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125Fig.3.Level of
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127Telework is applied in Poland in
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129The first area is strictly conne
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131Awareness of Te
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133work more effective, producing h
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135Conferences on Telework in Budap
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137Telecommunication services penet
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139Look at World (in Estonian: Vaat
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141Aim of project
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143PARALLEL SESSION PRESENTATIONSIV
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145There seems to be a vicious circ
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147netOrganisationStefano Lotti, CE
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149We can now temporarily observe t
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151On the other hand, the presence
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153The possibility to access an org
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1556. Some wishes, to replace concl
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157PARALLEL SESSION PRESENTATIONSV
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159This paper looks first at how eL
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161Figure 1:Lead operators and free
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163Table 1:Online work exchange mar
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165Table 2:Tele-cooperation in Euro
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1675 ConclusionsMalone and Laubache
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169Home Telework As A Key Action To
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171a structured questionnaire, and
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1735. Telework Eight Months LaterDu
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175In both the surveys, the workers
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177represented an important variabl
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179The work deprived were the secon
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181divide and blur lines between wo
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183PARALLEL SESSION PRESENTATIONSVI
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185Since technological reason in ge
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187The main exception at the moment
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189Claussen 2001) , the few bigger
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191ReferencesAlasoini. T. and Kyll
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193IntroductionThe ongoing economic
Page 194 and 195:
195Building on former programmesThe
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197Therefore, it seems essential th
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NotesBaethge, Martin (1999): Transf
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201organizations, R&D institutes, a
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203Challenges for Programmatic Work
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205different kinds of</stro
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Page 208 and 209:
209Development Cooperation
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211How to fi nd work tasks?There is
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213IntroductionEco-Managed eWork as
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215In a recent survey by the Helsin
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217The experiment is connected with
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219their interest in returning to t
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221businesses, have access to the v
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223Short summaries of</stro
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225As a result of
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229The knowledge economy is not <st
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231PARALLEL SESSION PRESENTATIONSIX
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233The paper of Sh
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In total, the conference once again
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237Appendix AE -WORK 2001 Conferenc
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239Year 2002 conferenceParallel ses
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2417. Community developments15.00 -
Page 242 and 243:
243Appendix CList of</stron
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245Harle Bob European</stro
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247Koivusalo Salla Helsinki Univers
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249Mustikkamäki Nina University Of
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251Sajavaara AnuEmployers’ Associ
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253Wasinger Walter Informations-Tec
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255
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Proceedings of 8th European Assembly on telework (Telework2001)

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