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116Wheat Breeding in Rio Grande do SuI, Brazilo. de Sousa Rosa, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trigo, Pas80Fundo, Rio Grande do Sui, BrazilAbstractRio Grande do Sul is <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rnmost state in Brazil, bordering on Uruguayand Argentina. Its soils are acid, deficient in phosphorus and have high levels ofexchangeable aluminum and manganese. The aluminum and manganese levelsof <strong>the</strong> oxisols in <strong>the</strong> most important wheat-growing region of <strong>the</strong> state aresufficient to cause great reduction in plant growth or even death in cultivarswhich are susceptible to crestamento (toxicity caused by aluminum and/ormanganese, etc). Wheat breeding has been carried outfor tolerance tocrestamento. All wheat cultivars recommended tofarmers in Rio Grande do Sulare tolerant to crestamento, <strong>the</strong> most tolerant being BR6, CNTl and IAC-5(Maringa). The breeding program underway in <strong>the</strong> state maintains suchtolerance through plant selection under <strong>the</strong>se soil conditions. These soils arealso characterized by unavailable applied phosphorus. By working withcultivars tolerant to crestamento, it was possible to identify <strong>the</strong> Braziliancultivars Toropi and PG1 as haVing a greater development capacity in soils withlow phosphorus availability. Attempts are now being made to transfer thisincreased phosphorus-use efficiency to o<strong>the</strong>r cultivars with better yieldingcapacity.Rio Grande do SuI is <strong>the</strong> southmoststate of Brazil, bordering on Uruguayand Argentina. It is located between 27and 33°S latitude and 50 and 57°Wlongitudes, and covers an area of282,184 square kilometers.Spring wheat is grown in <strong>the</strong> state.sown at <strong>the</strong> end of fall and beginning ofwinter (May to July); it is harvestedfrom OCtober to December. Rains arewell distributed throughout <strong>the</strong> year,occurring in sufficient amounts to meetcrop requirements. although in someyears <strong>the</strong>re may be an excess. Betteryields are usually obtained in <strong>the</strong> regionin years with less rainfall, especiallydUring heading and ripening of wheat.The wheat-producing areas in <strong>the</strong> stateare located in altitudes ranging between50 and 1200 meters. The largestnumber of hectares sown to wheat inRio Grande do SuI occurred in 1979with 2.184.899 hectares; statewideaverage yields have varied between309 kglha (1972) and 1,224 kglha(1981).The soils in Rio Grande do SuI are acid.deficient in phosphorus. show highlevels of exchangeable aluminum andmanganese. and have varying values ofo<strong>the</strong>r elements in <strong>the</strong> different types ofsoil in <strong>the</strong> main wheat-producingregion. Some soil characteristics. atseven locations in <strong>the</strong> state, are shownin Table 1. In that sampling. <strong>the</strong>content of exchangeable aluminumranged between 0.6 and 3.0 meq/l00 gof soil, while exchangeable manganesevaried between 32.4 and 546.8 ppm.To better explain <strong>the</strong> wheat breedingproblems in <strong>the</strong> state, certain ecologicalinfonnation is given for Passo Fundo,<strong>the</strong> site of <strong>the</strong> National Wheat ResearchCenter of EMBRAPA (Table 2). Thisarea is representative of <strong>the</strong> majorwheat-producing areas of Rio Grande doSuI, as well as of Santa Catarina andsouth central Parana. It is located at28°15'S latitude, 52°24'W longitudeand at an altitude of 684 meters. Frostoccurs every year. being more frequentin June, July and August; sometimes itoccurs in September, and can result insevere injury to <strong>the</strong> crop.
117Table 1. Chemical properties of soils from seven locations in <strong>the</strong> main wheat-growing regionof Rio Grande do Sui. Brazil (sampling depth 0-12 em)Exchangeable Exchangeable Exchangeable Availablealuminum manganese Ca+Mg phosphorusLocation Soil mapping unit pH (meI100g) (ppm) (me/100 g) (ppm)Passo Fundo Passo Fundo 4.6 3.0 78.3 4.3 14.1Julio de Castilhos Passo Fundo 4.9 1.6 93.2 3.4 9.7Cruz Alta P. Fundo-5to. Angelo 5.0 0.7 117.4 9.5 9.1(I ntergrade)Coxilha P. Fundo-Estacao 4.6 1.5 303.8 9.9 2.5(I ntergrade)Lagoa Vermelha Erexim 4.7 2.7 32.4 2.5 1.5Vacaria Vacaria 4.5 1.9 546.8 3.0 1.8Chiapeta Santo Angelo 4.8 0.6 105.3 5.8 1.0Source: Siqueira, O.J.F. de. 1980. Response of soybeans and wheat to limestone application on acid soilsin Rio Grande do Sui, Brazil. PhD Thesis. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.Table 2. Climatic parameters for <strong>the</strong> wheat-growing season. PassoFundo. Rio Grande do Sui. Brazil. 1959 to 1979Average RelativeRainfall temperature humidity Hours ofMonth (mm) (OC) (010) sunlightMay 100 14.6 74 183June 138 12.9 77 158July 134 12.8 74 171August 173 13.8 72 169September 197 15.7 72 153October 183 17.4 71 201November 119 19.3 66 230December 164 21.2 66 257Source: Agrometeorological Bulletin 1983. 1984. Centro Nacional dePesquisa de Trigo, Passo Fundo, Brazil. Pp. 2-31.
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The International Maize and Wheat I
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3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
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5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
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7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
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1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
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uToluca, a high-elevation station a
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13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
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global cooperation that permits apo
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17Recognizing the
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19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
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4 21Introduction to the</st
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23grain-filling stages are required
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Table 1. Countries growing whut in
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27Month of sowing and month afterfl
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29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
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31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
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33requires more than technical solu
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3~from other crops
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37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
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39If Bol1via does not radically cha
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41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
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4320-year period. Also indicated ar
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Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
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47respectively. for central AlaJuel
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49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
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51Wheat Research in the</st
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53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
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Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
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Nigeria is high temperature. South
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59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
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61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
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63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
Page 67 and 68: 65In India, a series of wheat varie
Page 69 and 70: 67in temperature are capable of cau
Page 71 and 72: 69primarily due to a lack of financ
Page 73 and 74: 71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
Page 75 and 76: 73The climate in this region is war
Page 77 and 78: 75Recently, the pe
Page 79 and 80: 77Variety improvement must also bec
Page 81 and 82: 79those areas that are suitable for
Page 83 and 84: Wheat Growing in the</stron
Page 85 and 86: 83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
Page 87 and 88: Many farmers are now exploring <str
Page 89 and 90: 87crop is present, and known. at pl
Page 91 and 92: 6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
Page 93 and 94: 91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
Page 95 and 96: 93of the plants se
Page 97 and 98: Screening for tropical adaptationTh
Page 99 and 100: 97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
Page 101 and 102: 99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
Page 103 and 104: 101very late, high temperatures at
Page 105 and 106: 103hence, select for drought tolera
Page 107 and 108: 106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
Page 109 and 110: 107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
Page 111 and 112: 109unit area. However, looking at s
Page 113 and 114: 111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
Page 115 and 116: 113standard date for sowing. In spi
Page 117: 115transferred into high-yielding a
Page 121 and 122: 119• Resistance to shattering•
Page 123 and 124: 121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
Page 125 and 126: 123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
Page 127 and 128: 125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
Page 129 and 130: 127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
Page 131 and 132: 129The introduction of alien geneti
Page 133 and 134: 131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
Page 135 and 136: 133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
Page 137 and 138: 135II. Diseases and Disease Control
Page 139 and 140: 137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
Page 141 and 142: 139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
Page 143 and 144: 141Identification ofSources of Resi
Page 145 and 146: 143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
Page 147 and 148: Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
Page 149 and 150: 147conditions. whereby infectionper
Page 151 and 152: 149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
Page 153 and 154: 151Selection under Field Conditions
Page 155 and 156: 153February. Environmental conditio
Page 157 and 158: 156Each trla1 had two replications
Page 159 and 160: 157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
Page 161 and 162: 159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
Page 163 and 164: 161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
Page 165 and 166: 163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
Page 167 and 168: 16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
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18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
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Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
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171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
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173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
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1'71SThe species and varieties with
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177suspension. This method has prov
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179How the pathoge
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18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
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183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
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185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
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187against leaf rust by the
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-188Distribution and Importance ofR
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191Surprisingly. little or no stem
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193temperatures. but this differenc
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19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
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197According to a new criterionesta
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199Loss in yield is directly propor
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Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
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203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
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205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
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20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
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209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
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Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
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213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
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216unpublished). A role of thumb de
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217seasonally and cloudiness persis
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219developmental periods. to around
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221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
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CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
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225rice, another C
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227105% that of C306 for th
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22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
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Soil Management as an Alternativefo
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233water content in the</st
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23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
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237applied without increasing <stro
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The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
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241there is utiliz
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243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
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245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
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247program. these
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249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
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251was rather poor
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253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
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255Alternative locations-An evaluat
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257Wheat Production Constraintsand
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259numerical grading which showed <
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261directed towards minimum loss of
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'.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
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Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
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267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
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269A problem of declining yields ha
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271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
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273Agronomic Practices and Problems
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275water percolation in rice. For w
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277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
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279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
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281was higher with the</str
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283to compete with othe</st
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for tropical environments. Highesta
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287can be used. The computer is a u
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289The computer has become a valuab
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291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
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293On average, no more that 100 mm
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295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
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Production, Storageand Marketing of
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299true to type. are selected and t
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301discussed and ascertained; <stro
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303V. EconomicsWheat in the
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305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
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307wheat consumption). However, <st
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309These changing consumption patte
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311Finally. it should be clarified
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313in areas where wheat yields arer
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31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
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317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
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319Table 1. Private and social prof
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The Local-Use Approach to t
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323fired oven has been used at oneu
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325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
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The Relative Priority andEconomics
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329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
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331References1. Agricultural Extens
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Table 1. Area, average yield and to
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Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
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337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
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Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
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7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
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343Table 1. Probleml for th
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345While efforts to develop wheatge
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347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
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349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
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351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
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353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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