the Symposium on Wheats for More Tropical Environments - cimmyt

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5 _Country ReportsSelecting and Introducing Wheatsfor <strong>the</strong> Environments of <strong>the</strong> TropicsC.E. Mann, Wheat Program, CIMMYT, Bangkok, ThailandAbstractThe estimated wheat area in <strong>the</strong> tropics, i.e., between 23ON and 23°5 latitudes,is 3 to 4 million hectares. The potential existsfor <strong>the</strong> expansion ofthis area as aresult ofresearch. A survey ofclimatic conditions and wheat yield levels from 28experiment stations in 15 countries between 1 and 39° Nand S latitudes showsonly a moderate association between climate and yield. Average minimumtemperaturefor <strong>the</strong> month afterflowering has <strong>the</strong> highest correlation with yield(r= -.51), indicating that o<strong>the</strong>r more controllablefactors, such as cropmanagement and germplasm, have considerable influence on yield. Importantresearch objectivesfor tropical wheat are presented in this paper, and <strong>the</strong>importance ofstrong national programs is stressed.The purpose of this overview of tropicalwheat is to establish a frame ofreference for <strong>the</strong> country reports. Afterdiscussing <strong>the</strong> present wheatproduction situation in <strong>the</strong> tropics and<strong>the</strong> interests of national programs inpursuing wheat research, a tentativelist of production constraints which arecommon to many places in <strong>the</strong> tropicswill be presented. This is done mainlyfrom <strong>the</strong> author's experience; <strong>the</strong>country reports may ei<strong>the</strong>r substantiatethis list or emphasize o<strong>the</strong>r factors,some of which may be generalproblems applicable to <strong>the</strong> tropics, ando<strong>the</strong>rs, problems specific to certaintropical environments.The Wheat Situationin Tropical CountriesThe word "tropics" as used here refersto <strong>the</strong> area between <strong>the</strong> tropiCS ofCancer and Capricorn, that is, between23°N and 23°5 latitude. There are 85countries that have 20,000 or moresquare kilometers of territory within <strong>the</strong>tropics. Of <strong>the</strong>se, some have no interestin wheat production, and some have noarable land in <strong>the</strong>ir tropical zones.Eliminating <strong>the</strong>se. <strong>the</strong>re are still 57countries which have grown wheat in<strong>the</strong> tropics at some time during <strong>the</strong> lastthree years, ei<strong>the</strong>r experimentally orcommercially (Table 1).Among those countries that lie entirelywithin <strong>the</strong> tropics, or which grow <strong>the</strong>majority of <strong>the</strong>ir wheat in <strong>the</strong> tropics,566,000 hectares of wheat were grown;nearly half of this amount was in <strong>the</strong>Sudan. A more meaningful figure isreached by also including thosecountries that, although <strong>the</strong> majority of<strong>the</strong>ir wheat is grown outside <strong>the</strong>tropics, have substantial wheat areaswithin <strong>the</strong>ir tropical zones as well. Thisallows <strong>the</strong> inclusion of <strong>the</strong> vast areas ofpeninsular India and sou<strong>the</strong>rn China,<strong>the</strong> wheat-growing area in nor<strong>the</strong>rnBrazil, and smaller portions of o<strong>the</strong>rcountries, such as <strong>the</strong> lowlands ofBolivia and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Bangladesh. Thisfigure is estimated at between 3 and 4million hectares, with more than half of<strong>the</strong> total in India. Clearly, wheat is nota completely new crop in <strong>the</strong> tropics.Table 1 indicates <strong>the</strong> growing interestin expandJng wheat production intotropical areas; a number of countrieswhich grow no wheat commercially are,never<strong>the</strong>less, beginning to do someresearch on wheat.
Table 1. Countries growing whut in <strong>the</strong> tropics and area of production, 1981Country Area" Country Are.AI(000 h.) (000 h.)AmericaAfrica (con'd)Mexico (861) Tanzania (50)Guatemala (64) Rwanda (4)Honduras 1 Burundi (6)Nicaragua Angola (16)Costa Rica Zambia (3)Dominican Republic Malawi 1Colombia (39) Mozambique 3Venezuela (2) MadagascarGuyana Zimbabwe 41Brazil (1,921) Namibia 1Peru (100) Botswana 3Ecuador (37)Bolivia (77) AsiaParaguay (70) Saudi Arabia 85Yemen, Arab Rep 66Africa Yemen,PDR 10Mauritania Oman 0.3Mali 2 Fed. of Arab Emirates 0.4Niger 2 India (22,104)Chad 3 Sri LankaSudan 240 Bangladesh (591)Ethiopia (523) Burma 88SenegalThailandUpper VoltaVietnamGhana China (29,201)Nigeria 13 TaiwanCameroon 2 PhilippinesSomalia 4 MalaysiaZaire (5) IndonesiaUganda (4)Kenya (120) Australia (12,041).AI Numbers in brackets indicate that <strong>the</strong> majority of <strong>the</strong> wheat area is outside <strong>the</strong> tropicsor above 1500 m altitudeSource: FAO Production Yearbook (4)
Page 2 and 3: The International Maize and Wheat I
Page 5 and 6: 3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
Page 7 and 8: 5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
Page 9 and 10: 7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
Page 11 and 12: 1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
Page 13 and 14: uToluca, a high-elevation station a
Page 15 and 16: 13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
Page 17 and 18: global cooperation that permits apo
Page 19 and 20: 17Recognizing the
Page 21 and 22: 19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
Page 23 and 24: 4 21Introduction to the</st
Page 25: 23grain-filling stages are required
Page 29 and 30: 27Month of sowing and month afterfl
Page 31 and 32: 29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
Page 33 and 34: 31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
Page 35 and 36: 33requires more than technical solu
Page 37 and 38: 3~from other crops
Page 39 and 40: 37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
Page 41 and 42: 39If Bol1via does not radically cha
Page 43 and 44: 41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
Page 45 and 46: 4320-year period. Also indicated ar
Page 47 and 48: Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
Page 49 and 50: 47respectively. for central AlaJuel
Page 51 and 52: 49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
Page 53 and 54: 51Wheat Research in the</st
Page 55 and 56: 53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
Page 57 and 58: Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
Page 59 and 60: Nigeria is high temperature. South
Page 61 and 62: 59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
Page 63 and 64: 61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
Page 65 and 66: 63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
Page 67 and 68: 65In India, a series of wheat varie
Page 69 and 70: 67in temperature are capable of cau
Page 71 and 72: 69primarily due to a lack of financ
Page 73 and 74: 71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
Page 75 and 76: 73The climate in this region is war
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75Recently, the pe
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77Variety improvement must also bec
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79those areas that are suitable for
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Wheat Growing in the</stron
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83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
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Many farmers are now exploring <str
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87crop is present, and known. at pl
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6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
Page 93 and 94:
91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
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93of the plants se
Page 97 and 98:
Screening for tropical adaptationTh
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97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
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99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
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101very late, high temperatures at
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103hence, select for drought tolera
Page 107 and 108:
106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
Page 109 and 110:
107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
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109unit area. However, looking at s
Page 113 and 114:
111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
Page 115 and 116:
113standard date for sowing. In spi
Page 117 and 118:
115transferred into high-yielding a
Page 119 and 120:
117Table 1. Chemical properties of
Page 121 and 122:
119• Resistance to shattering•
Page 123 and 124:
121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
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123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
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125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
Page 129 and 130:
127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
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129The introduction of alien geneti
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131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
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133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
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135II. Diseases and Disease Control
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137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
Page 141 and 142:
139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
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141Identification ofSources of Resi
Page 145 and 146:
143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
Page 147 and 148:
Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
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147conditions. whereby infectionper
Page 151 and 152:
149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
Page 153 and 154:
151Selection under Field Conditions
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153February. Environmental conditio
Page 157 and 158:
156Each trla1 had two replications
Page 159 and 160:
157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
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159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
Page 163 and 164:
161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
Page 165 and 166:
163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
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16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
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18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
Page 171 and 172:
Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
Page 173 and 174:
171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
Page 175 and 176:
173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
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1'71SThe species and varieties with
Page 179 and 180:
177suspension. This method has prov
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179How the pathoge
Page 183 and 184:
18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
Page 185 and 186:
183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
Page 187 and 188:
185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
Page 189 and 190:
187against leaf rust by the
Page 191 and 192:
-188Distribution and Importance ofR
Page 193 and 194:
191Surprisingly. little or no stem
Page 195 and 196:
193temperatures. but this differenc
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19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
Page 199 and 200:
197According to a new criterionesta
Page 201 and 202:
199Loss in yield is directly propor
Page 203 and 204:
Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
Page 205 and 206:
203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
Page 207 and 208:
205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
Page 209 and 210:
20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
Page 211 and 212:
209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
Page 213 and 214:
Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
Page 215 and 216:
213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
Page 217 and 218:
216unpublished). A role of thumb de
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217seasonally and cloudiness persis
Page 221 and 222:
219developmental periods. to around
Page 223 and 224:
221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
Page 225 and 226:
CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
Page 227 and 228:
225rice, another C
Page 229 and 230:
227105% that of C306 for th
Page 231 and 232:
22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
Page 233 and 234:
Soil Management as an Alternativefo
Page 235 and 236:
233water content in the</st
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23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
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237applied without increasing <stro
Page 241 and 242:
The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
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241there is utiliz
Page 245 and 246:
243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
Page 247 and 248:
245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
Page 249 and 250:
247program. these
Page 251 and 252:
249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
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251was rather poor
Page 255 and 256:
253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
Page 257 and 258:
255Alternative locations-An evaluat
Page 259 and 260:
257Wheat Production Constraintsand
Page 261 and 262:
259numerical grading which showed <
Page 263 and 264:
261directed towards minimum loss of
Page 265 and 266:
'.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
Page 267 and 268:
Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
Page 269 and 270:
267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
Page 271 and 272:
269A problem of declining yields ha
Page 273 and 274:
271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
Page 275 and 276:
273Agronomic Practices and Problems
Page 277 and 278:
275water percolation in rice. For w
Page 279 and 280:
277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
Page 281 and 282:
279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
Page 283 and 284:
281was higher with the</str
Page 285 and 286:
283to compete with othe</st
Page 287 and 288:
for tropical environments. Highesta
Page 289 and 290:
287can be used. The computer is a u
Page 291 and 292:
289The computer has become a valuab
Page 293 and 294:
291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
Page 295 and 296:
293On average, no more that 100 mm
Page 297 and 298:
295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
Page 299 and 300:
Production, Storageand Marketing of
Page 301 and 302:
299true to type. are selected and t
Page 303 and 304:
301discussed and ascertained; <stro
Page 305 and 306:
303V. EconomicsWheat in the
Page 307 and 308:
305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
Page 309 and 310:
307wheat consumption). However, <st
Page 311 and 312:
309These changing consumption patte
Page 313 and 314:
311Finally. it should be clarified
Page 315 and 316:
313in areas where wheat yields arer
Page 317 and 318:
31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
Page 319 and 320:
317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
Page 321 and 322:
319Table 1. Private and social prof
Page 323 and 324:
The Local-Use Approach to t
Page 325 and 326:
323fired oven has been used at oneu
Page 327 and 328:
325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
Page 329 and 330:
The Relative Priority andEconomics
Page 331 and 332:
329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
Page 333 and 334:
331References1. Agricultural Extens
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Table 1. Area, average yield and to
Page 337 and 338:
Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
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337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
Page 341 and 342:
Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
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7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
Page 345 and 346:
343Table 1. Probleml for th
Page 347 and 348:
345While efforts to develop wheatge
Page 349 and 350:
347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
Page 351 and 352:
349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
Page 353 and 354:
351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
Page 355 and 356:
353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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